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T*(religions in our culture.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(18. Problems tolerating ambiguity and uncertainty, Indeed, the ideologies and)Tj
T*(belief systems to which extremists tend to attach themselves often represent)Tj
T*(grasping for certainty in an uncertain world, or an attempt to achieve absolute)Tj
T*(security in an environment that is naturally unpredictable or perhaps populated)Tj
T*(by people with interests opposed to their own. Extremists exhibit a kind of)Tj
T*(risk-aversiveness that compels them to engage in controlling and manipulative)Tj
T*(behavior, both on a personal level and in a political context, to protect)Tj
T*(themselves from the unforeseen and unknown. The more laws or "rules" there are)Tj
T*(that regulate the behavior of others - particular their "enemies" - the more)Tj
T*(secure extremists feel.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19. Inclination toward "groupthink." Extremists, their organizations, and their)Tj
T*(subcultures are prone to a kind of inward-looking group cohesiveness that leads)Tj
T*(to what Irving Janis discussed in his excellent book Victims of Groupthink.)Tj
T*("Groupthink" involves a tendency to conform to group norms and to preserve)Tj
T*(solidarity and concurrence at the expense of distorting members' observations of)Tj
T*(facts, conflicting evidence, and disquieting observations that would call into)Tj
T*(question the shared assumptions and beliefs of the group. Right-wingers \(or)Tj
T*(left-wingers\), for example, talk only with one another, read material that)Tj
T*(reflects their own views, and can be almost phobic about the "propaganda" of the)Tj
T*("other side." The result is a deterioration of reality-testing, rationality, and)Tj
T*(moral judgment. With groupthink, shared illusions of righteousness, superior)Tj
T*(morality, persecution, and so on remain intact, and those who challenge them are)Tj
T*(viewed with skepticism and hostility.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(20. Tendency to personalize hostility. Extremists often wish for the personal)Tj
T*(bad fortune of their "enemies," and celebrate when it occurs. When a critic or)Tj
T*(an adversary dies or has a serious illness, a bad accident, or personal legal)Tj
T*(problems, extremists often rejoice and chortle about how they "deserved" it. I)Tj
T*(recall seeing right-wing extremists celebrate the assassination of Martin Luther)Tj
T*(King and leftists agonizing because George Wallace survived an assassination)Tj
T*(attempt. In each instance their hatred was not only directed against ideas, but)Tj
T*(also against individual human beings.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(21. Extremists often feel that the system is no good unless they win. For)Tj
T*(example, if they lose an election, then it was "rigged." If public opinion turns)Tj
T*(against them, it was because of "brainwashing." If their followers become)Tj
T*(disillusioned, it's because of "sabotage." The test of the rightness or)Tj
T*(wrongness of the system is how it upon them;)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Thus, extremists tend to have these things in common:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1. They represent some attempt to distort reality for themselves and others.)Tj
T*(Extremism tends to be "feelings-based" rather than "evidence-based," although the)Tj
T*(selective use of evidence may obscure that fact.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2. They try to discourage critical examination of their beliefs by a variety of)Tj
T*(means, usually by false logic, rhetorical trickery, or some kind of censorship,)Tj
T*(repression, or intimidation.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3. Extremism usually represents some attempt to act out private personal grudges)Tj
T*(or to rationalize the pursuit of special interests in the name of public)Tj
T*(welfare, morality, duty, or social consciousness. Extremists often have motives)Tj
T*(they themselves do not recognize. I Human beings are imperfect and fallible.)Tj
T*(Even an honest, rational, and well-intentioned person may resort to some of)Tj
T*(these traits from time to time. Everyone has strong feelings about some issues)Tj
T*(and anyone can become excited and "blow up" once in awhile. Most of us still)Tj
T*(retain our basic common sense, good will, and sense of humor. My purpose is not)Tj
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T*(prejudices and alter their own consciousness in a manner that bolsters their)Tj
T*(false confidence and sense of self-righteousness.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12. Assumption of moral or other superiority over others. Most obvious would be)Tj
T*(claims of general racial or ethnic superiority – a master race, for example. Less)Tj
T*(obvious are claims of ennoblement because of alleged victimhood, a special)Tj
T*(relationship with God, membership in a special "elite" or "class," and a kind of)Tj
T*(aloof "highminded" snobbishness that accrues because of the weightiness of their)Tj
T*(preoccupations, their altruism, and their willingness to sacrifice themselves)Tj
T*(\(and others\) to their cause. After all, who can bear to deal with common people)Tj
T*(when one is trying to save the world! Extremists can show great indignation when)Tj
T*(one is "insensitive" enough to challenge these claims.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(13. Doomsday thinking. Extremists often predict dire or catastrophic)Tj
T*(consequences from a situation or from failure to follow a speci c course, and)Tj
T*(they tend to exhibit a kind of "crisis-mindedness." It can be a Communist)Tj
T*(takeover, a Nazi revival, nuclear war, earthquakes, floods, or the wrath of God.)Tj
T*(Whatever it is, it's just around the corner unless we follow their program and)Tj
T*(listen to the special insight and wisdom, to which only the truly enlightened)Tj
T*(have access. For extremists, any setback or defeat is the "beginning of the)Tj
T*(end!")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(14. Belief that its okay to do bad things in the service of a "good" cause.)Tj
T*(Extremists may deliberately lie, distort, misquote, slander, defame; or libel)Tj
T*(their opponents and/or critics, engage in censorship or repression, or undertake)Tj
T*(violence in "special cases." This is done with little or no remorse as long as)Tj
T*(it's in the service of defeating the Communists or Fascists or whomever.)Tj
T*(Defeating an "enemy" becomes an all-encompassing goal to which other values are)Tj
T*(subordinate.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(With extremists, the end justifies the means.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15. Emphasis on emotional responses and, correspondingly, less importance)Tj
T*(attached to reasoning and logical analysis. Extremists have an unspoken)Tj
T*(reverence for propaganda, which they may call "education" or)Tj
T*("consciousness-raising." Symbolism plays an exaggerated role in their thinking,)Tj
T*(and they tend to think imprecisely and metaphorically. Harold D. Lasswell, in)Tj
T*(book Psychopathology and Politics, says, "The essential mark of the agitator is)Tj
T*(the high value he places on the emotional response of the public." Effective)Tj
T*(extremists tend to be effective propagandists.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Propaganda differs from education in that the former teaches one what to think,)Tj
T*(and the latter teaches one how to think.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(16. Hypersensitivity and vigilance. Extremists perceive hostile innuendo in even)Tj
T*(casual comments; imagine rejection and antagonism concealed in honest)Tj
T*(disagreement and dissent; see "latent" subversion, anti-semitism, perversion,)Tj
T*(racism, disloyalty, and so on in innocent gestures and ambiguous behaviors.)Tj
T*(Although few extremists are clinically paranoid, many of them adopt a paranoid)Tj
T*(style with its attendant hostility and distrust.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l7. Use of supernatural rationale for belief and actions. Some extremists,)Tj
T*(particularly those involved in "cults" or extreme religious movements, such as)Tj
T*(fundamentalist Christians, militant Zionist extremists, and members of mystical)Tj
T*(and metaphysical organizations, claim some kind of supernatural rationale for)Tj
T*(their beliefs and actions, and that their movement or cause is ordained by God.)Tj
T*(In this ease, stark extremism may become reframed in a "religious" context,)Tj
T*(which can have a legitimizing effect for some people. It's surprising how many)Tj
T*(people are reluctant to challenge religiously motivated extremism because it)Tj
T*(represents "religious belief" or because of the sacred-cow status of some)Tj
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T*("Extremists do a lot of wishful and fearful thinking.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5. Advocacy of double standards. Extremists generally tend to judge themselves)Tj
T*(or their interest group in terms of their intentions, which they tend to view)Tj
T*(generously, and others by their acts, which they tend to view very critically.)Tj
T*(They would like you to accept their assertions on faith, but they demand proof)Tj
T*(for yours. They tend to engage in special pleading on behalf of themselves or)Tj
T*(their interests, usually because of some alleged special status, past)Tj
T*(circumstances, or present disadvantage.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6. Tendency to view their opponents and critics as essentially evil. To the)Tj
T*(extremist, opponents hold opposing positions because they are bad people,)Tj
T*(immoral, dishonest, unscrupulous, mean-spirited, hateful, cruel, or whatever,)Tj
T*(not merely because they simply disagree, see the matter differently, have)Tj
T*(competing interests, or are perhaps even mistaken.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7. Manichean worldview. Extremists have a tendency to see the world in terms of)Tj
T*(absolutes of good and evil, for them or against them, with no middle ground or)Tj
T*(intermediate positions. All issues are ultimately moral issues of right and)Tj
T*(wrong, with the "right" position coinciding with their interests. Their slogan)Tj
T*(is often "those who are not with me are against me ")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8. Advocacy of some degree of censorship or repression of their opponents and])Tj
T*(or critics. This may include a very active campaign to keep opponents from media)Tj
T*(access and a public hearing, as in the case of blacklisting, banning, or)Tj
T*("quarantining" dissident spokespersons. They may actually lobby for legislation)Tj
T*(against speaking, writing, teaching, or instructing "subversive" or forbidden)Tj
T*(information or opinions. They may even attempt to keep offending books out of)Tj
T*(stores or off of library shelves, discourage advertising with threats of)Tj
T*(reprisals, and keep spokespersons for "offensive" views off the airwaves or)Tj
T*(certain columnists out of newspapers. In each example the goal is some kind of)Tj
T*(information control. Extremists would prefer that you listen only to them. They)Tj
T*(feel threatened when someone talks back or challenges their views.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9. Tend to identify themselves in terms of who their enemies are: whom they hate)Tj
T*(and who hates them. Accordingly, extremists may become emotionally bound to)Tj
T*(their opponents, who are often competing extremists themselves. Because they)Tj
T*(tend to view their enemies as evil and powerful, they tend, perhaps)Tj
T*(subconsciously, to emulate them, adopting the same tactics to a certain degree.)Tj
T*(For example, anti-Communist ,and anti-Nazi groups often behave surprisingly like)Tj
T*(their opponents. Anti-Klan rallies often take on much of the character of the)Tj
T*(stereotype of Klan rallies themselves,'including the orgy of emotion, bullying,)Tj
T*(screaming epithets, and even acts of violence. To behave the opposite of someone)Tj
T*(is to actually surrender your will to them, and "opposites" are often more like)Tj
T*(mirror images that, although they have "left" and "right" reversed, look and)Tj
T*(behave amazingly alike.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10. Tendency toward argument by intimidation. Extremists tend to frame their)Tj
T*(arguments in such a way as to intimidate others into accepting. their premises)Tj
T*(and conclusions. To disagree with them is to "ally oneself with the devil," or)Tj
T*(to give aid and comfort to the enemy. They use a lot of moralizing and pontif-)Tj
T*(cating, and tend to be very judgmental. This shrill, harsh rhetorical style)Tj
T*(allows them to keep their opponents and critics on the defensive, cuts off)Tj
T*(troublesome lines of argument, and allows them to define the perimeters of)Tj
T*(debate.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(ll. Use of slogans, buzzwords, and thought-stopping cliches. For many extremists)Tj
T*(shortcuts in thinking and in reasoning matters out seem to be necessary in order)Tj
T*(to avoid or evade awareness of troublesome facts and compelling)Tj
T*(counter-arguments. Extremists generally behave in ways that reinforce their)Tj
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T*(they take it that matters. It has been said that "whoever defines the terms wins)Tj
T*(the argument." The use of loaded terms and selective vocabulary that are biased)Tj
T*(toward certain forms of authoritarianism, bigotry, and prejudice but not others,)Tj
T*(is another example of the pervasive double standards one encounters in this)Tj
T*(area.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The traits of "extremists")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Robert F. Kennedy wrote:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What is objectionable, what is dangerous about extremists is not that they are)Tj
T*(extreme, but that they are intolerant. The evil is not what they say about their)Tj
T*(cause, but what they say about their opponents.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In analyzing the rhetoric and propaganda of several hundred militant "fringe")Tj
T*(political and social groups across the political spectrum, I have identified a)Tj
T*(number of specific traits or behaviors that tend to represent the extremist)Tj
T*("style." Other writers have delineated various extremist traits and where their)Tj
T*(criteria have been objective I have included them.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(I am especially indebted to professors John George and Gordon" Hall for their)Tj
T*(suggestions. Please let me caution you with the admonition, that we are all)Tj
T*(fallible human beings and anyone, without bad intentions, may resort to some of)Tj
T*(these behaviors from time to time. With bona fide extremists, however, these)Tj
T*(lapses are not occasional. Rather, they are a habitual and strongly established)Tj
T*(part of their repertoire, so much so that in some cases their entire belief)Tj
T*(system is expressed in these terms, including a polemical style that is fairly)Tj
T*(easy to identify.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l. Character assassination. Extremists often attack the character of an opponent)Tj
T*(rather than deal with the facts or issues raised. They will question motives,)Tj
T*(qualifications, past associations, alleged values, personality, looks, mental)Tj
T*(health, and so on as a diversion from the issues under consideration. Some of)Tj
T*(these matters are not entirely irrelevant, but they should not serve to avoid)Tj
T*(the real issues. Extremists object strenuously when this is done to them, of)Tj
T*(course!)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2. Name calling and labeling. Extremists are quick to resort to epithets)Tj
T*(\(racist, subversive, pervert, hatemonger, nut, crackpot, degenerate,)Tj
T*(un-American, anti-semite, red, commie, nazi, kook, crank, liar, bigot, and so on\))Tj
T*(to label and condemn opponents in order to divert attention from their arguments)Tj
T*(and to discourage others from hearing them out. These epithets don't have to be)Tj
T*(proved to be effective; the mere fact that they have been said is often enough.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3. Irresponsible sweeping generalizations. Extremists tend to make sweeping)Tj
T*(claims or judgments on little or no evidence, and they have a tendency to)Tj
T*(confuse similarity with sameness. That is, they assume that because two \(or)Tj
T*(more\) things, events, or persons are alike in some respects, they must be alike)Tj
T*(in most respects. The sloppy use of analogy is a treacherous form of logic and)Tj
T*(has a high potential for false conclusions.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4. Inadequate proof for assertions. Extremists tend to be very fuzzy about what)Tj
T*(constitutes proof, and they also tend to get caught up in logical fallacies,)Tj
T*(such as post hoc ergo propter hoc \(assuming that a prior event explains a)Tj
T*(subsequent occurrence simply because of their before-and-after relationship\).)Tj
T*(They tend to project wished-for conclusions and to exaggerate the significance)Tj
T*(of information that confirms their beliefs while derogating or ignoring)Tj
T*(information that contradicts them. They tend to be motivated by feelings more)Tj
T*(than facts, by what they want to exist rather than what actually does exist.)Tj
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T*(not uniquely restricted to any particular ideology, or religion, or philosophy,)Tj
T*(or scientific viewpoint. A person may adhere to communism, existentialism,)Tj
T*(Freudianism, or the "new conservatism" in a relatively open or relatively closed)Tj
T*(manner. Thus, a basic requirement is that the concepts to be employed in the)Tj
T*(description of belief systems must not be tied to a particular belief system;)Tj
T*(they must be constructed to apply equally to all belief systems.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Rokeach goes on to say "authoritarianism and intolerance in belief and)Tj
T*(interpersonal relations are surely not a monopoly of Fascists, Anti-Semites, Ku)Tj
T*(Klux Klanners, or conservatives." I agree, and would add that the same behaviors)Tj
T*(merely take different forms and utilize different vocabulary on the "left" side)Tj
T*(of the political spectrum. The essential characteristics remain quite similar.)Tj
T*(The choice of adjectives used to describe the behavior in question often derives)Tj
T*(far more from the biases and interests of the observer than from the objective)Tj
T*(facts of the situation. Daniel Bell, the eminent sociologist and author of The)Tj
T*(Radical Right, tends to support this view. He says,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The way you hold beliefs is more important than what you hold. If somebody's)Tj
T*(been a rigid Communist, he becomes a rigid anti-Communist--the rigidity being)Tj
T*(constant.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In my opinion, most strident opponents of right-wing or left-wing "extremism")Tj
T*(exhibit significant ideological bias, and many are actually representatives of)Tj
T*(the opposing extreme. The fact that an extremist hates and agitates against)Tj
T*(other extremists doesn't mitigate his or her own character in this regard. In)Tj
T*(fact, opposing extremists often form a vague bond or symbolic relationship with)Tj
T*(one another, each justifying the others' existence.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In focusing on the style rather than the content of a belief system, I don't)Tj
T*(mean to imply that content is entirely irrelevant. People who tend to adopt the)Tj
T*(extremist style most often champion causes and adopt ideologies that are)Tj
T*(essentially "fringe" positions. But. mere advocacy of "fringe" positions gives)Tj
T*(our society the variety and vitality it needs to function as an open democracy,)Tj
T*(to discuss and debate all aspects of an issue, and to deal with problems that)Tj
T*(otherwise have been ignored. The extremist style is another issue altogether,)Tj
T*(however, in that it hampers our understanding of important issues, it muddies)Tj
T*(the waters of discourse with invective, defamation, self-righteousness,)Tj
T*(fanaticism, and hatred, and it impairs our ability to make intelligent,)Tj
T*(well-informed choices. Another point is that the extremist style is not only)Tj
T*(found at the fringes of the political or religious spectrum, but sometimes in)Tj
T*(the "middle" as well. An individual who is uncompromisingly and intolerantly)Tj
T*("centrist" may be far more dogmatic and prejudiced than someone who adopts more)Tj
T*(radical views but does so in a open and tolerant manner.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Consequently, a guarded middle-of-the-road position doesn't necessarily provide)Tj
T*(a solution to extremism, and in some cases can only serve as a mask to conceal)Tj
T*(it. In fact, it could be argued that those beliefs that are accorded legitimacy)Tj
T*(by consensus, which is to say that everyone unthinkingly accepts them, may even)Tj
T*(be more prone to appear on the extremist agenda and more difficult to challenge)Tj
T*(or effectively debate. When the word "extremist" is used as an epithet it)Tj
T*(usually represents points of view with which we disagree, advocated by someone)Tj
T*(we dislike \(but usually don't know\) and whose interests are contrary to our)Tj
T*(-own. Political ideologues and special interests often attempt definitions of)Tj
T*("extremism" that specifically condemn the views of their critics and opponents)Tj
T*(while leaving their own equally strident and intolerant behavior untouched. In)Tj
T*(the debate over abortion, for example, one side or the other will condemn)Tj
T*(opponents as "extremists" while describing themselves as valiant defenders of)Tj
T*(human life or champions of freedom. In fact, bona de extremist elements exist)Tj
T*(on both sides of this controversy, as do relatively calm, fairminded, honest,)Tj
T*(even-handed, and rational advocates. It is not the position they take, but how)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(questions about. The remaining support for the report is mostly drawn from "ADL)Tj
T*(files," which could include hearsay, unverified interview notes, analyses of)Tj
T*(incidents based on newspapers, information provided by confidential sources, and)Tj
T*(so on. The basic journalistic approach of the ADL report, which borders on)Tj
T*(jingoism, requires the USCCR either to publish an unverified report that could)Tj
T*(seriously undermine the agency's reputation for fairness and objectivity or to)Tj
T*(refrain from publishing a report whose underlying thrust we believe to be true.)Tj
T*(This belief, by the way, is buttressed by the respondents' own letters, which)Tj
T*(are described in the attached memorandum.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Finally, because the Commission was established as a fact-finding body, through)Tj
T*(the years the tone of our reports has been one of objective restraint. This)Tj
T*(report varies considerably from other Commission reports in its tone, its)Tj
T*(sources or lack thereof, and its unrestrained language. A factual, objective)Tj
T*(chronology of the Klan and similar organizations and their activities over the)Tj
T*(past century would meet intended goals of this project without jeopardizing the)Tj
T*(reputation of this agency.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(PAUL ALEXANDER Acting General Counsel)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What Is "Political Extremism"?)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Laird Wilcox)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(If it's a despot you would dethrone, see rst that his throne of dogmatic)Tj
T*(thinking, prejudgment, and authoritarianism, has erected within you is)Tj
T*(destroyed. - Kahlil Gibran, 1923)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Roger Scruton, in the Dictionary of Political Thought defines "extremism" as:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l. Taking a political idea "to its limits, regardless of unfortunate)Tj
T*(repercussions, impracticalities, arguments, and feelings to the contrary, and)Tj
T*(with the intention not only to confront, but to eliminate opposition.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2. Intolerance toward all views other than one's own.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3. Adoption of means to political ends which show disregard for.the life,)Tj
T*(liberty, and human rights of others.This definition basically reflects my own)Tj
T*(experience, that extremism is more an issue of style than of content. In the)Tj
T*(twenty-five years that I have been investigating political groups of the left and)Tj
T*(right, I have found that most people can hold radical or unorthodox views and)Tj
T*(still entertain them"in a more or less reasonable, rational, and non-dogmatic)Tj
T*(manner. On the other hand, I have met people whose-views were fairly close to)Tj
T*(the political mainstream but were presented. in a shrill, uncompromising,)Tj
T*(bullying, and distinctly authoritarian manner. The latter demonstrated a starkly)Tj
T*(extremist mentality while the former demonstrated only ideological unorthodoxy,)Tj
T*(which is hardly to be feared in a relatively free society such as ours.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This view of extremism, which may seem novel to many people since in today's)Tj
T*(climate the term is usually used as an epithet, is held by many writers and)Tj
T*(authorities, especially those who approach the issue from a relatively)Tj
T*(even-handed and non-ideological point of view. Milton Rokeach, whose book The)Tj
T*(Open and Closed Mind is a classic in the eld.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(To study the organization of belief systems, we find it necessary to concern)Tj
T*(ourselves with the structure rather than content of beliefs. The relative)Tj
T*(openness or closedness of a mind cuts - across specific content; that is, it is)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(Probably the most effective thing would be for universities, police agencies and)Tj
T*(the media to entertain a healthy skepticism about hate crime claims, and to)Tj
T*(establish a category of "not proven" in cases where no perpetrator is identified)Tj
T*(and charged. Any unsolved case may be a hoax, including those intuitively)Tj
T*(thought to be bonas fide.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Finally, on a personal note, I think it's important to bear in mind that human)Tj
T*(beings are fallible creatures who make mistakes, often not realizing the)Tj
T*(consequences of their actions. The older I get the more forgiving I become, and)Tj
T*(the more aware I am of the harm done by "righteous indignation," fanaticism and)Tj
T*(vengefulness in the pursuit of "justice." A little slack and a little)Tj
T*(forgiveness all the way around wouldn't hurt, either. It's going to take that if)Tj
T*(we're all going to get along in this world together.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Laird Wilcox)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(July 1994)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(WASHINGTON D.C. 20425)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Date: March 8, 1982)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Reply to attn of: OGC)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Subject: The ADL Report)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(To: John Hope, III Acting Staff Director)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Attached is Ms. Gerebenics' memorandum concerning the most recent step in the)Tj
T*(review process of the ADL report. I concur in her views.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(I would also like to raise several policy considerations. The ADL report does)Tj
T*(not in any way resemble a standard USCCR report. It is not a dispassionate)Tj
T*(attempt to present a K balanced accounting of facts. This Commission previously)Tj
T*(has had no difficulty in publishing reports containing defamatory information)Tj
T*(when it was verifiable and necessary to the report. Our Voting Rights Report is)Tj
T*(the most recent example. In that report, however, we did not find it necessary)Tj
T*(to mix-epithets and emotionally-laden labels with the facts. .The ADL report is)Tj
T*(rank with epithets and labels that only serve to distort the factual accountings)Tj
T*(of the activities of the KKK and similar organizations.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The liberal use of hyperbolic epithets throughout the ADL draft sets a tone that)Tj
T*(probably precludes correction through simple, adjectival laundering. The alleged)Tj
T*(inaccuracies and misrepresentations noted by the respondents present very)Tj
T*(serious problems. Of fifty-one potential defamees, we received responses from)Tj
T*(only ten, all of whom disputed the versions of events reported in the ADL draft.)Tj
T*(Most likely, references to the remaining forty-one would require additional)Tj
T*(verification. Although +hose who chose not to respond have been afforded the)Tj
T*(required opportunity, there are still more than a dozen people and organizations)Tj
T*(that have not been reached. If the ten respondents are at all representative,)Tj
T*(the report probably contains many inaccuracies. It is doubtful that the report)Tj
T*(could survive the normal process of a source-check as there does not appear to)Tj
T*(be sufficient data to support the allegations.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(For the most part, the sources are secondary, relying heavily on newspaper)Tj
T*(accounts that the ten respondents either refute outright or raise serious)Tj
ET
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T*(For reasons that are not clear, body markings on the victim by the alleged)Tj
T*(perpetrators are apparently a cause for suspicion. One theory is that the)Tj
T*(markings are intended to represent wounds. Another is that hoaxers are often)Tj
T*(self-absorbed individuals and the markings are narcissistic attention-getting)Tj
T*(devices.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9. Copycat hoaxes are likely to occur after an earlier, perhaps bona fide,)Tj
T*(incident has taken place that has aroused great publicity. A large number of)Tj
T*(similar incidents in a relatively short time very likely include some hoaxes.)Tj
T*(Often, some of the same people will be involved and the same symbols used for)Tj
T*(cases where the issue of lawsuits and damage amounts emerge early.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(CONCLUSION)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The information I have pulled together in this report is, in my opinion, merely)Tj
T*(the tip of the iceberg. .The hoaxes I have recounted are, with a few exceptions,)Tj
T*(publicly discovered and publicly reported hoaxes. Countless more hoaxes,)Tj
T*(undiscovered and unreported, have undoubtedly also occurred.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(I see no hard evidence of an organized conspiracy to commit racial and)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic hoaxes. Everything points to individuals, or small groups of)Tj
T*(individuals, as the perpetrators of hoaxes. The usefulness of hoaxes is so)Tj
T*(obvious to potential hoaxers that a conspiracy is not required to explain the)Tj
T*(large number of hoaxes or their similarities.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On the other hand, there appears to be an effort to discourage media attention)Tj
T*(to hoaxes, although this is often not successful. It appears that some hoaxes)Tj
T*(are "spiked" at the outset and others are soft-peddled once their nature is)Tj
T*(established.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Why do people commit hoaxes? There are three main reasons. The first has to do)Tj
T*(with the personal payoff for victimization, i.e., attention, sympathy, a sense)Tj
T*(of importance, feeding persecution fantasies, and material payoffs. The second)Tj
T*(has to do with advancing a political or social agenda, as in the case of hoaxes)Tj
T*(intending to create support for regulations or legislation, or to help create a,)Tj
T*(climate sympathetic to specific interest groups. The third has to do with)Tj
T*(insurance fraud, with the racial or anti-Semitic element almost an afterthought.)Tj
T*(Most hoaxes are combinations of the first two types.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Carefully done, the risk of discovery of a hoax is minimal. Most hoaxes simply)Tj
T*(remain "unsolved" hate crimes.i Those that are discovered may not result in)Tj
T*(criminal action against the hoaxers. When criminal charges are filed they can)Tj
T*(have wide ranging consequences, from long prison terms in some cases to a slap)Tj
T*(on the wrist on others, with most cases tending toward the latter.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What can be done about hoaxes? Probably very little as long as victimization)Tj
T*(claims are so uncritically accepted, and the payoff for alleged victimization is)Tj
T*(sufficiently tempting and rewarding. "Hate crime" legislation, although)Tj
T*(well-intentioned, has created a powerful market for the side benefits of alleged)Tj
T*(hate crimes. When these crimes are not naturally occurring, or are not occurring)Tj
T*(in sufficient numbers, a motive to commit hoaxes is created. Provisions in hate)Tj
T*(crime legislation for civil damages also creates a powerful motive to commit)Tj
T*(hoaxes.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Vigilance in discovering hoaxes and appropriate publicity may discourage some)Tj
T*(potential hoaxers. Punishment for hoaxes equal to bona fide hate crimes,)Tj
T*(including sentence enhancement, would probably have a greater deterrent effect,)Tj
T*(but would also perpetuate the injustices inherent in the hate crime concept)Tj
T*(itself.)Tj
ET
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T*(minorities are being questioned, as in controversies concerning black slavery or)Tj
T*(holocaust revisionism. The conveniently occurring incident should be carefully)Tj
T*(investigated.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3. Repeat incidents, especially with "difficult," resentful and easily offended)Tj
T*(individuals who frequently complain of disrespect, slights, insults or)Tj
T*(harassment.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Incidents directed at specific individuals are unusual. In some cases hoaxers)Tj
T*(have been "followed" from one place or residence to another by hate crime)Tj
T*(perpetrators. Disturbed individuals or attention seekers are frequently found)Tj
T*(among hoaxers. Bear in mind, however, that these individuals often create a)Tj
T*("self-fulfilling prophecy" with their behavior and actually antagonize others to)Tj
T*(the point where they will retaliate in some manner.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4. An incident that is particularly skillfully exploited by the alleged victim)Tj
T*(to attain victim status, manipulate institutions, obtain concessions, special)Tj
T*(privileges, or money.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(When the victims response to a hate crime is particularly skillful and)Tj
T*(articulate, or when supporters seem very well-organized and appear on the scene)Tj
T*(very quickly, it suggests some planning was afoot. Bona fide hate crimes are)Tj
T*(sometimes not reported for days after they occur. Hoaxes are almost always)Tj
T*(reported immediately.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Because of the possibility of civil damages in hate crime cases, it is likely)Tj
T*(that hoaxes of this nature will be increasing. Be alert in the event)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5. Incidents which occur in improbable circumstances, such as racist graffiti in)Tj
T*(a mostly black dormitory or neighborhood, assaults that occurred in normally)Tj
T*(crowded areas with no witnesses, graffiti or vandalism in a room occupied only)Tj
T*(by the victim, and so on. Some hoaxes are surprisingly poorly planned. In)Tj
T*(several cases hoaxers had failed to dispose of incriminating evidence. The)Tj
T*(highly improbable case, where an actual hate crime would have been very)Tj
T*(difficult to pull off, is usually a hoax.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6. In the case of graffiti, carefully drawn symbols or slurs suggest that the)Tj
T*(author really wants to get a point across -- precisely what is meant and the)Tj
T*(repulsive character of the persons behind it and this suggests a hoax.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Most bona fide incidents represent impulsive striking out, not careful planning.)Tj
T*(Generally speaking, the more elaborate the circumstances, the greater likelihood)Tj
T*(of a hoax. Cases where the damage is deliberate, meticulous and extensive should)Tj
T*(be cause for suspicion.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7. Another trait that suggests a hoax surfaced in several of the cases mentioned)Tj
T*(here. Here authorities suspect a hoax and this fact becomes known, the)Tj
T*(likelihood is enhanced somewhat when local antiracist and radical special)Tj
T*(interest groups defame and vilify doubters.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In fact, they may suspect it themselves.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Often the perpetrator will confide in others or even brag about the hoax.)Tj
T*(Persistent rumors of a hoax are often initially ignored because of "sensitivity")Tj
T*(concerns, or because the principle players downplay the issue with threats and)Tj
T*(pleading.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8. Finally, several hoaxers have reported marking or symbols painted on their)Tj
T*(bodies by their alleged assailants. This rarely occurs in bona fide cases.)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(l3 David Rudge, "Jew Arrested In Cemetery Vandalism," The Jewish Week \(18 May)Tj
T*(1990\))Tj
T*()Tj
T*(14 Reuters, "Two Jews Are Said To Admit Desecrating Graves In Israel," New York)Tj
T*(Times \(17 May 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15 Associated Press, "Jewish Settlers Questioned In Firebombing of Israeli Car,")Tj
T*(Asbury Park Press \(26 September 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l6 "Vandals Paint a Swastika on Begin's Tomb in Israel," New York Times \(19)Tj
T*(November 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(17 "Mother Confesses," The Guardian \(28 April 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l8 "Nazis Cleared In Berlin Fire," Kansas City Times \(August 18, 1979\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19 "Thousands March to Protest Attack on Handicapped Girl," The Oregonian \(14)Tj
T*(January 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(20 "Girl Apparently Faked Attack by Neo-Nazis, Official Says," Seattle Times \(15)Tj
T*(January 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(21 "Fraud Seen In Claim of Neo-Nazi Attack," International Herald-Tribune \(15)Tj
T*(January 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(22 "German Schoolgirl Slashes Self in Copycat 'Nazi' Incident," Seattle Times)Tj
T*(\(January 28, 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(23 "Graffiti In Basel Traced To Jewish Student," Jewish Week. \(17 March 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(24 Tamar Levy, "Jew Behind Swiss Anti-Semitic Acts," Jewish 1 Sentinel \(18 March)Tj
T*(1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(TRAITS THAT SUGGEST THE COMMISSION OF A HOAX)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What, if anything, distinguishes hoaxes and fabrications from real racist and)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic incidents? Police, federal, state and local agencies, and college)Tj
T*(officials have observed certain "patterns" that tend to suggest a hoax might be)Tj
T*(afoot.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1. An incident that can't be corroborated with reasonable evidence or)Tj
T*(disinterested witnesses, or is accompanied by an account which contains)Tj
T*(inconsistencies, or when the alleged victim suddenly refuses to talk to police.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Often, alleged hate crimes are insufficiently supported by evidence or reliable)Tj
T*(witnesses. Upon examination, the statements of the victim may contain)Tj
T*(inconsistent or contradictory elements. When confronted with a lack of evidence)Tj
T*(to support their claims, or with problems with their story, the victim may)Tj
T*(become angry or frightened and cease cooperating with authorities.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2. An incident that occurs just when it's "needed" to promote awareness or)Tj
T*(sensitivity to racism or anti-Semitism, to disarm critics and make them)Tj
T*(reluctant to "talk back.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Be particularly alert for hoaxes during appropriate holidays, birthdays, or on)Tj
T*(anniversaries of important events. Hoaxes may also occur following speeches by)Tj
T*(minority spokespersons, or at times when the the issue of prejudice and)Tj
T*(discrimination is in the news. Also, hoaxes are more likely when claims by)Tj
ET
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T*("A spokesman said 20 schoolchildren had dared each other to fake attacks to see)Tj
T*(whether their parents would believe them after hearing about a case in the)Tj
T*(eastern city of Halle.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Switzerland's Jewish community was shocked when a 1983 rash of antiSemitic)Tj
T*(graffiti appeared on walls at local synagogues, the Jewish cemetery and other)Tj
T*(buildings. Death threats and anonymous telephone calls to Jewish parents stated)Tj
T*(that "your son has been killed." At the medical school in Basel, Jewish students)Tj
T*(reported receiving an anonymous letter saying, "Death to the Jews" and "No more)Tj
T*(Jewish doctors in Switzerland.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Swiss police soon had their culprit, but he was not the neo-Nazi many had)Tj
T*(expected. According to news reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A 23-year-old Jewish medical student arrested in Basel was described by police)Tj
T*(as the perpetrator of a campaign of virulent anti-Semitic graffiti, harassment)Tj
T*(and death threats in that city last month.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The disclosure by police that Philip Gotchel, son of a prominent Jewish family,)Tj
T*(was solely responsible for the acts called unprecedented in Switzerland, stunned)Tj
T*(Jews and nonJews alike.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The anti-Semitic campaign aroused such concern that Swiss Army units were sent)Tj
T*(to help local police protect Jewish students. Apparently obsessed with)Tj
T*(persecution fantasies, Gotchel claimed that right-wing students had broken into)Tj
T*(his family's home. Police said that it was Gotchel himself who broke the window.)Tj
T*(Gotchel was placed under psychiatric care.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1 "KGB Made Up Olympic Threats Linked to KKK, U. S. Asserts," Kansas City Times)Tj
T*(\(7 August 1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 "KGB Responsible For Desecration of Synagogues," Die Welt \(13 August 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 John Barron, KGB - Secret Work of Soviet Agents \(New York: Reader's Digest)Tj
T*(Press, 1974\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story \(New York:)Tj
T*(Harper, Collins, 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 "The Spy Who Came Into The Classroom Teaches At Boston U.," New York Times \(27)Tj
T*(April 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7"Waldheim Telegram Called Fake," New York Times \(11 February 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Reuters, "Waldheim Letter Fake, Paper Admits," Globe and Mail \(4 April 1987\).)Tj
T*(I)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 Cecily Woolf, "ANL Daubing Protest," London Jewish Chronicle \(13 March 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 James M. Markham, "Dutch Actor's 'Abduction' Recalls Painful Past,")Tj
T*(International Herald Tribune \(1 February 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1l "Man Confesses to Shattering Monument to Camp Survivors," The Oregonian \(7)Tj
T*(February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12 Daniel Williams, "250 Jewish Graves Desecrated Near Haifa," Los Angeles Times)Tj
T*(\(15 May 1990\).)Tj
ET
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T*(of Israeli property and stoning of other Jewish settlers to stir up anti-Arab)Tj
T*(sentiment. In one instance, Israeli radio said, settlers hurled a firebomb at an)Tj
T*(Israeli-owned car near Ginot Shomron settlement in the West Bank. In response,)Tj
T*(settlers from the Jewish enclave of Ariel raided a nearby Arab village and)Tj
T*(vandalized property. Ariel had earlier required Arab workers to wear tags)Tj
T*(identifying themselves as "alien workers." There have been numerous instances of)Tj
T*(Israeli extremists staging hoaxes to implicate Arabs in terrorism.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A black swastika was painted on the grave of former Israeli Prime Minister)Tj
T*(Menachem Begin in Jerusalem in November 1992. After the vandalism, Israeli)Tj
T*(newspapers and the state-run radio received phone calls from men who said the)Tj
T*(attack was in response to "the desecration of the graves of the righteous.")Tj
T*(Police said the vandalism seemed to be the work of fanatic religious Jews.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The British daily, The guardian, reported in April 1992 that a Berlin woman who)Tj
T*(reported her infant son had been kidnapped by neo-Nazi skinheads later admitted)Tj
T*(she killed the baby, police reported. The body of the three-month-old boy was)Tj
T*(found in a pond.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Berlin, a group of "neo-Nazi raiders" set fire to the home of a Jewish)Tj
T*(restaurant owner in August, 1979 and scrawled swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans)Tj
T*(on the walls \("Juden Raus" - Jew Get Out\). The attack in Berlin's elegant)Tj
T*(Grunewald residential district fanned fears of a Nazi revival and was widely)Tj
T*(reported as evidence for such. Following an investigation, however, the police)Tj
T*(determined that the incident was an arson plot to collect insurance on the)Tj
T*(building. The businessman, Gunter Allon, whose house was burned, was in on the)Tj
T*(plot. One pg the hired arsonists was badly burned when gasoline blew up in his)Tj
T*(face.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Halle, Germany, 10,000 people demonstrated in January 1994 to protest a)Tj
T*(neo-Nazi attack on a teen-age girl confined to a wheelchair. The 17-year-old)Tj
T*(girl had told police that three neo-Nazis had carved a swastika on her left)Tj
T*(cheek after she refused to repeat slogans such as "Heil Hitler" and "Gas the)Tj
T*(Cripples." For five days the incident in this eastern German city captured)Tj
T*(headlines around the world. Police reported that they had no clues.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Two days later it became apparent why there had been no clues -- the)Tj
T*(Saxony-Anhalt prosecutor's office reported the girl had apparently inflicted the)Tj
T*(wound herself. Interrogation had produced discrepancies and inconsistencies in)Tj
T*(her story. The faked attack had unpleasant consequences for bona fide and)Tj
T*("suspected" neo-Nazis, however, as is so often the case. According to news)Tj
T*(reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Word of the attack stunned Germans. Leading politicians demanded quick police)Tj
T*(action, and President Richard von Weizsaecker condemned the assault. Hundreds)Tj
T*(tried to track down the alleged attackers, and authorities searched the homes of)Tj
T*(dozens of suspected neo-Nazis.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An item in the January 15, I994 International Herald-Tribune noted that doctors)Tj
T*(who examined the wound "also suspect that it was self-inflicted. The article)Tj
T*(also noted that "Several recent attacks by neo-Nazis have been exposed as)Tj
T*(fraud.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Two weeks after the hoax in Halle, another German girl committed a copycat hoax)Tj
T*(in Munich. According to news reports)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A I4-year-old Bavarian schoolgirl sliced herself with a razor and claimed she)Tj
T*(had been attacked by neo-Nazis in what appeared to be an imitation of a)Tj
T*(wheelchair-bound girl's hoax that caused national outrage, Munich police said.)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(A typewriting expert concluded that the machine used to type the faked telegram)Tj
T*(was not available before I948.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A year earlier, in April 1987, the Jerusalem Post admitted that it had published)Tj
T*(a forged letter purportedly from Austrian Prime Minister Alois Mock to British)Tj
T*(Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher suggesting that Austrian President Kurt)Tj
T*(Waldheim should resign in the wake of a scandal involving his alleged wartime)Tj
T*(activities in the German Army. Mr. Mock denied ever writing the letter. The Post)Tj
T*(said a lengthy inquiry had determined that the letter, which it had published in)Tj
T*(February, was a fabrication.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Anti-Nazi League is a major British anti-fascist group. It works closely)Tj
T*(with Jewish and other minority interests, as well as the British communist party)Tj
T*(and other radical groups. However, to the consternation of representatives of)Tj
T*(the Brighton and Hove Hebrew Congregation, in March 1993, the ANL organized a)Tj
T*(march in protest against an anti-Semitic cemetery desecration that never)Tj
T*(occurred! Some 300 people took part in the march.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A security officer at the cemetery became suspicious when he was told that the)Tj
T*(graves in the congregation's Florence Road cemetery had been daubed with)Tj
T*(swastikas and that they had been removed by the gardener. The cemetery, however,)Tj
T*(does not employ a gardener. The officer noted that "the cemetery has no record)Tj
T*(of daubings for at least 30 years." 9 The incident, in fact, had never occurred.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Jules Croiset, the Dutch actor whose father was Jewish, reported being abducted)Tj
T*(by neo-Nazis in the city of Charleroi, Belgium, in December, 1987. According to)Tj
T*(Croiset, he was seized by two men and a woman, who forced him into a sewer, tied)Tj
T*(him up, took his Star of David chain from his neck and daubed a swastika on his)Tj
T*(chest, among other violent humiliations. A The news electrified the Netherlands.)Tj
T*(Croiset was known for his antiNazi views. He was prominent in a theater sit-in)Tj
T*(preventing staging of a play that critics had denounced as anti-Semitic. 0n)Tj
T*(December I2 a large demonstration was held in an Amsterdam church in support of)Tj
T*(Croiset. The speaker of the Dutch parliament said that neo-Nazi rats were)Tj
T*("coming out of their holes." On 6 January 1988, however, Belgian police)Tj
T*(announced that Jules Croiset had admitting to having staged the kidnapping. He)Tj
T*(had also sent anti-Semitic letters to prominent Dutch Jews.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In February 1993 in the Netherlands, citizens were fooled for five days into)Tj
T*(thinking that violent neo-Nazis were active in the community. A monument to)Tj
T*(victims of the Auschwitz concentration camp had been smashed - one of the worst)Tj
T*(recent acts of anti-Semitic violence in the small nation. However, according to)Tj
T*(news reports)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...the nation seemed placated after hearing that a glasscutter identified as)Tj
T*(Ruud S. had confessed to shattering the monument. He claimed he was under orders)Tj
T*(to remove all evidence of a construction flaw that would have been a "terrific)Tj
T*(embarrassment" to the company.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Haifa, Israel, two Jewish men, David Goldner, 41, and Gershon Tennenbaum, 32,)Tj
T*(were arrested in May 1990 following the desecration of two Jewish graveyards, an)Tj
T*(event which received worldwide attention. Slogans in perfect Hebrew calling for)Tj
T*(the destruction of Judaism and for the founding of a Palestinian state were)Tj
T*(found on more than 250 headstones. One inscription read, "Arabs will kill the)Tj
T*(Jews." Israeli Religious Affairs Minister Zevolon Hammer, said that there may)Tj
T*(have been a connection with this incident and the desecration of 3 Jewish graves)Tj
T*(in France which were widely blamed on right-wing hate groups. Goldman and)Tj
T*(Tennenbaum reported that their motive was to unite the Jewish people against the)Tj
T*(Arab states.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Israel eight Jewish settlers were charged in the September 1989 firebombing)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(Oleg Gordievsky's detailed 1990 account of the Soviet secret police, KGB: The)Tj
T*(Inside Story.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The authors cite the case of KGB General Ivan Ivanovich Agayants, who in 1959)Tj
T*(created a new disinformation section within the First Chief Directorate of the)Tj
T*(KGB. One of his first targets was West Germany, which the KGB wanted to portray)Tj
T*(as riddled with neo-Nazis and anti-Semites. To test one of his techniques,)Tj
T*(Agayants sent a group of KGB officers to a village near Moscow, where they)Tj
T*(daubed swastikas, anti-Jewish slogans and kicked over Jewish tombstones. EA)Tj
T*(small anti-Jewish minority in the village took the bait and performed copy-cat)Tj
T*(anti-Jewish acts of their own. According to the authors,.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("During the winter of 1959-60 Agayants used the same technique with great)Tj
T*(success in West Germany. East German agents were dispatched to the West to)Tj
T*(deface Jewish memorials, synagogues, and shops, and to paint anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(slogans. 1Local hooligans and neo-Nazis then spontaneously continued the KGB)Tj
T*(campaign. Between Christmas Eve 1959 and mid-February 1960, 833 anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(acts were recorded by the West German authorities. The campaign then suddenly)Tj
T*(ceased, but not before the Federal Republic's international reputation had been)Tj
T*(gravely damaged.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There is serious suspicion in intelligence circles that much of the current)Tj
T*(neo-Nazi activity in the new, united Germany may have the mark of a rogue)Tj
T*(Communist intelligence operation: "See what happens when Communism falls - the)Tj
T*(Nazis return!".)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Landislav Bittman, an agent for Czechoslovak intelligence service, defected to)Tj
T*(the United States in 1974. Now a professor at Boston University and living under)Tj
T*(the name Lawrence Martin-Bittman, he teaches classes on propaganda and)Tj
T*(disinformation. According to F. Mark Wyatt, a retired CIA official who had dealt)Tj
T*(with defectors, "Bittman was really one of the great experts of the Communist)Tj
T*(bloc, the Soviet bloc, on disinformation." Bittman's reputation was built)Tj
T*(largely on one of the most effective disinformation campaigns of post-war)Tj
T*(Europe, i.e., keeping the Nazi menace alive for propaganda purposes, not unlike)Tj
T*(some hoaxes in the United States.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to news reports)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("His greatest success...was Operation Neptune, a 1964 ruse intended to damage)Tj
T*(West Germany's relationship with its European neighbors. Professor)Tj
T*(Martin-Bittman secretly placed what he said were four boxes of Nazi archives on)Tj
T*(the murky bottom of a lake in Czechoslovakia. Then he helped a television crew)Tj
T*(discover the boxes, which contained lists of purported Nazi spies and)Tj
T*(collaborators.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A documentary about the apparent discovery of a cadre of previously undisclosed)Tj
T*(Nazi spies raised anew the issue of prosecutions for war crimes, and the West)Tj
T*(German government extended the statute of limitations for such crimes." 6)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Fake documents published by Eastern bloc intelligence agencies surfaced in the)Tj
T*(scandal involving Austrian President and former U. N. Secretary General Kurt)Tj
T*(Waldheim. He was accused of war crime complicity during World Mar II. In)Tj
T*(February, 1988, the Yugoslav press agency reported that a document linking)Tj
T*(Waldheim to Nazi war crimes was a fake.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The documented was purported to be a 1942 telegram advising that a Lieut. Kurt)Tj
T*(Waldheim requested the deportation of more than 4,000 Yugoslav civilians during)Tj
T*(World War II. The West German magazine Der Spiegel published the document Feb. 1)Tj
T*(and said it had been provided by a Yugoslav historian.")Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(6 Indira A. R. Oakshmanan, "Police Say Norwood Girl Lied Abut Racial Attack,")Tj
T*(Boston Globe \(30 December 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 Susan Watson, "Boogeyman of Racial Hysteria Wines, Dines Among Us," Detroit)Tj
T*(Free Press \(7 January 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 10)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(International)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Sometimes racist and anti-Semitic hoaxes involve parties we would never)Tj
T*(consider. Hoaxes have been a common device used by Iron Curtain intelligence)Tj
T*(services and Communist organizations to discredit their enemies and win support)Tj
T*(from racial, ethnic and even religious interest groups since before the Russian)Tj
T*(revolution.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cases)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(During the Olympic games in Los Angeles in 1984 a number of Asian and African)Tj
T*(Olympic committee offices found themselves recipients of racist literature. The)Tj
T*(Zimbabwe committee, for example, received fliers containing some threatening)Tj
T*(language and illustrated with a drawing of a whitehooded Klansman on a rearing)Tj
T*(horse and a monkey with a rope around its neck. Other delegations received)Tj
T*(similar literature.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An investigation followed and the culprit was determined in short order. U. S.)Tj
T*(Attorney General William French Smith confirmed that the racially defamatory)Tj
T*(materials were not the work of any Ku Klux Klan but rather the Soviet KGB! The)Tj
T*(effort was part of a disinformation campaign to mislead public opinion and)Tj
T*(create the impression of widespread racism. According to Smith:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Although I cannot detail all of what we know about these documents for fear of)Tj
T*(helping the authors to refine their techniques, a thorough analysis -- including)Tj
T*(linguistic and forensic techniques -- reveals that they are classic examples of)Tj
T*(a Soviet forgery or disinformation operation.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Informed sources close to the F.B.I. report that other such incidents may also)Tj
T*(be KGB related.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Another case involving the KGB surfaced recently with the defection of East)Tj
T*(German intelligence agents. The West German newspaper Big Welt reported in 1990)Tj
T*(that West German security authorities had determined that the KGB or other)Tj
T*(Soviet state security services were responsible for numerous desecrations of)Tj
T*(synagogues in West Germany over the past forty years. The article also noted)Tj
T*(that the KGB worked in close cooperation with neo-Nazi groups. John Barron, in)Tj
T*(his book, K.G.B. - Secret work of Soviet Secret Agents discusses Communist)Tj
T*(complicity in anti-Semitic hoaxes.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Under KGB guidance the Czech S.T.B. started mailing virulent anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(traits to French, British and American officials in Europe.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(They bore the imprimatur of a non-existent Nazi group.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Additional evidence for the role of the KGB and other Iron Curtain intelligence)Tj
T*(agencies in bogus neo-Nazi and anti-Semitic activities is Christopher Andrew and)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(sources. According to New York Times reporter Felicity Barringer:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The effect was electric. Students called their parents. University)Tj
T*(administrators called trustees. The campus police called the District of)Tj
T*(Columbia police. Then, the day after the newspaper report, a lawyer for Mariam)Tj
T*(Kashani, the sophomore who said she knew the victim and was the newspaper's main)Tj
T*(source of information about the attack, called the campus police to say she)Tj
T*([Kashani] made up the report.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Ms. Kashani, an active feminist who had been involved in rape crisis counseling)Tj
T*(at Tulane University, had also said that the rapists had told the victim, "You)Tj
T*(were pretty good for a white girl." When confronted about the incident, Ms.)Tj
T*(Kashani used an excuse often invoked in hoaxes. She said that she "had hoped the)Tj
T*(story, as reported, would highlight the problems of safety for women." Ronnie)Tj
T*(Thaxton, campus black activist, said, "I was outraged. think it was just another)Tj
T*(attempt by some white people to discredit young black males in this country.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In December 1993 a 15-year-old Norwood, Massachusetts, white girl falsely)Tj
T*(claimed that she had been attacked by four black women who shouted racial slurs)Tj
T*(at her. According to news reports:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Norwood Police Detective Sgt. William G. Brooks said the girl who reported)Tj
T*(being attacked December 23 by four strangers...was actually injured in a)Tj
T*(pre-arranged fight with another young woman. Brooks said that when the victim)Tj
T*(sustained cuts and scratches, she invented the story about being jumped to)Tj
T*(explain the injuries to her parents.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police charged the girl as a juvenile with falsely reporting a crime, a)Tj
T*(misdemeanor that carries a fine of up to $500 or one year in jail.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Hazel Park, Michigan, a 31-year-old white woman)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("told police that three bat-wielding black men beat her and kidnapped her friend)Tj
T*(last November \(1989\) at an automatic teller machine in Ferndale.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to police, the whole thing was a hoax devised by the woman, who is)Tj
T*(married, concocted after her boyfriend beat her up.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In October, 1989, two white women from Sterling Heights falsely reported that)Tj
T*(two black males robbed and beat them in the Oakland Mall parking lot. The women)Tj
T*(said that the man fired a shot into their car. According to news reports)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Police investigators said the women, both 18, were indeed robbed, but police)Tj
T*(said the assault occurred as the women were trying to buy marijuana in a Detroit)Tj
T*(alley. Police said the women made up the story to explain the damage to the car.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1 "Judge Hands Stiff Sentence To Han Who Shot Off Own Leg," The Oregonian \(21)Tj
T*(November 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 Bill Hewitt, et. al., "A Cold Killer's Chilling Charade, People Magazine \(27)Tj
T*(January 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Alex S. Jones, "Bias and Recklessness Are Charged In Boston Report of Stuart)Tj
T*(Slaying." New York Times \(14 January 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 Felicity Barringer, "False Report of Rape Upsets Washington University)Tj
T*(Campus." new York Times \(12 December 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Ibid.)Tj
ET
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T*(guilty to filing false claims and theft. He admitted that he shot himself to end)Tj
T*(pain in his leg resulting from a 1973 industrial accident. Hull was sentenced to)Tj
T*(an additional six months of work release because of aggravating circumstances in)Tj
T*(the case. According to Yakima County Superior Court Judge Susan Hahn,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The aggravating circumstance is his use of a negative social stereotype,)Tj
T*(especially here when we fight this every A day. 0ur quality of life depends on)Tj
T*(us making significant headway on these problems.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Another case in which a minority was falsely blamed in conjunction with the)Tj
T*(cover-up of a crime involved the widely-publicized 1989 Boston case in which a)Tj
T*(murder, committed to collect insurance, was falsely attributed to an anonymous)Tj
T*(black man.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On the evening of 23 October 1989 Charles Stuart and his pregnant wife, Carol,)Tj
T*(left a childbirth class at a local hospital and were on their way home when,)Tj
T*(according to Charles Stuart, a black gunman forced his way into their)Tj
T*(automobile. The gunman forced them to drive to another location where he)Tj
T*(demanded cash and jewelry. Then the gunman shot Carol Stuart in the head and)Tj
T*(wounded Charles Stuart in the abdomen.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Charles Stuart called police on a car telephone to report that his wife had been)Tj
T*(killed and he had been shot by a black assailant in the Mission Hill district.)Tj
T*(The gruesome scene, including a dramatic tape of rescue efforts by police and)Tj
T*(paramedics, stirred a volatile mixture of fear and outrage. As a victim, Stuart)Tj
T*(became a media hero. In the meantime, Willie Bennett, a black man, was arrested)Tj
T*(after Stuart identified him as looking "most like" the murderer.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The story began to unravel when skillful police investigation produced evidence)Tj
T*(that pointed to Stuart as the killer out to collect on a substantial insurance)Tj
T*(policy. Charles' brother, Matthew Stuart, went to police and confessed to being)Tj
T*(an accessory after the fact. He had helped Charles dispose of incriminating)Tj
T*(evidence. with police closing in, Charles Stuart committed A suicide by jumping)Tj
T*(off a bridge into the Mystic River.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Willie Bennett was, of course, exonerated. What was scary about the a case is)Tj
T*(how journalists initially bought Charles Stuart's story when there was evidence)Tj
T*(to doubt it from the beginning. According to news reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Many Boston journalists concede that they were aware of rumors and)Tj
T*(inconsistencies almost from the start about the husband's account...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(It's important to note that the purpose of Stuart's fabrication was not to)Tj
T*(commit a "hate crime" hoax, but to divert attention from himself. His)Tj
T*(designation of the killer as a black man was credible in a community with a high)Tj
T*(black crime rate. Statistically, the killer was more likely to be black than)Tj
T*(white.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Occasionally one member of a "victimized" class will perpetrate a hoax or)Tj
T*(fabrication against a member of another "victimized" class. .The most common)Tj
T*(example is when a woman claims to have been raped by a member of a minority)Tj
T*(group.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This happened at George Washington University in the District of Columbia in)Tj
T*(December 1990 when a student, Mariam Kashani, reported a rape incident which)Tj
T*(never occurred to the campus paper \(appropriately named The Hatchet\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(She told of an incident in which two young black men "with particularly bad body)Tj
T*(odor" had raped a white female student at knifepoint, and The Hatchet reported)Tj
T*(the incident without sufficiently confirming the authenticity of the various)Tj
ET
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T*(Mail \(27 November 1987\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(21 Mary Jane MacLennan, "Fedorkiw Wins $400,000 for Slurs," The Winnipeg Sun \(26)Tj
T*(November 1987\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(22 Editorial Comment, "We May Be More Alone Here Than We Think," Jewish Post and)Tj
T*(News \(2 December 1987\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(23 Myron Love, "B'nai B'rith Settles Libel Case," Canadian Jewish News \(3)Tj
T*(November 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(24 "Be Careful," Canadian Jewish News \(23 February 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(25 United Press International, "Restauranteur Wins Defamation Suit," \(22)Tj
T*(February 1986\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(26 Associated Press, "False Claim of Anti-Semitism Brings a Ruling of $5.5)Tj
T*(million," New York Times \(20 February 1989\). 27Ibid. Y)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(28 "Caller is Acquitted of Harassing Talk Show," Associated 0 gross \(8 April)Tj
T*(1987\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(29 "Thomas Ruppert, 35, Cleared of Yonkers Fire," Obituary, New York Times \(26)Tj
T*(November 1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(30 "They Dare to Falsify," Associated Press \(2 December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(31 "Assistant Never Made Slur: Suffolk DA," Jewish Week \(1 November 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(32 Mark Higgins, "Fraudulent Flier Claims Costa Mesa Candidate Is Member of Nazi)Tj
T*(Group," Orange County Register \(26 September 1986\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(33 Amy Mednick, "Anti-Semitic Fliers Scattered in Yorba Linda," Orange County)Tj
T*(Register \(26 March 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(34 "Racist Memo Declared A Fake," Tulsa World \(26 February 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(35 "Faked Memo Furor: Signature Pasted Onto Racial Slurs," San Jose Mercury Negs)Tj
T*(\(14 December 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 9)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Whites)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Not all hoaxers are minorities. With whites, however, the motive is usually to)Tj
T*(implicate someone else in a crime that they committed themselves, and the)Tj
T*(account seems more credible if, under the circumstances, the offender is Black)Tj
T*(or some other minority. Several of the cases discovered also involve false rape)Tj
T*(accusations directed toward anonymous black males. Cases where the motive of the)Tj
T*(hoax is to falsely implicate minorities in anti-white racism are apparently)Tj
T*(rare.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cases)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Benjamin Hull, a lab technician at Sun Ridge Foods in Sunnyside, Washington,)Tj
T*(reported that a group of Hispanic youths shot off his leg on New Year's Day 1991)Tj
T*(when he surprised them outside his place of employment. Hull filed disability)Tj
T*(claims and collected some $95,000 in benefits. Nearly two years later Hull plead)Tj
ET
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T*(The fake memo, dated 10 December 1991, was written on an official letterhead and)Tj
T*(mailed through a state postal meter. Carlyle is quoted as referring to his)Tj
T*(critics in racist, sexist, anti-homosexual and anti-Jewish terms.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(L Eric Breindel, "Public Truth and Racial Politics," New York Post \(5 July)Tj
T*(1900\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 David B. Wilson, "When One Is Accused of Racism," Boston Globe \(10 February)Tj
T*(1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Jon Carroll, "On Being Called An Anti-Semite," San Francisco Chronicle \(2)Tj
T*(October 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 "Jewish Hero May Finally Get His Medal," San Francisco Chronicle, 6 November)Tj
T*(1989.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Rogers Worthington, "Jewish WW II Veteran Seeks Medal He Says Was Denied Him,")Tj
T*(Chicago Tribune \(12 November 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 Elizabeth McGowan, "Jew Pursues WWII Medal," Janesville Gazette \(27 April)Tj
T*(1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 "Medal Deserved," San Francisco Chronicle \(7 November 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 "Rubitsky Won't Give Up Fight For Medal," The Sunday Gazette \(17 December)Tj
T*(1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 Richard Halloran, "Army Panel Rejects Claim for Medal of Honor," New York)Tj
T*(Times \(8 December 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(11 John Patrick Hunter, "Three WWII Veterans Call Rubitsky's Hero Claim a Hoax,")Tj
T*(Madison Capital Times \(21 November l989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12 "ADL Retreats From Battle to Get Jewish Vet a Medal," Jewish Week \(9 February)Tj
T*(1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l3 Bill Grady, "Frank Walus Opened Door and Life Was Never Same," Chicago)Tj
T*(Tribune \(17 April 1978\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l4 Bob Olmstead, "Now Nazi-Hunter Helped Find Nalus," Chicago Sun-Times \(1 April)Tj
T*(1978\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15 Dennis D. Fisher, "Two Testify Seeing Nalus Kill 4 In Wartime Poland,")Tj
T*(Chicago Sun-Times \(23 March 1978\); "I Saw Nalus Kill A Man: Witness," Chicago)Tj
T*(Sun-Times \(24 March 1978\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(16 Bob Olmstead, "Is Nalus A Perpetrator of Nightmares -- Or Victim?" Chicago)Tj
T*(Sun Times \(17 April 1978\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(17 Dick Chapman, "A Life Ruined by Nazi Hunt," Toronto Star \(10 April 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(18 Bill Grady, Chicago Tribune \(17 April 1978\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l9 James Warren, "Nazi-Hunter Sues Cleared Chicagoan for Slander" Chicago)Tj
T*(Sun-Times \(14 October 1981\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(20 Geoffrey York, "B'nai B'rith Won't Change Despite Judgement," The Globe and)Tj
ET
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T*(According to Catterson,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I find not one of many allegations concerning improper remarks or behavi0r...to)Tj
T*(be substantiated...I am unable to substantiate one instance of anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(comment or behavior on the part of Assistant District Attorney Caccese.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The charge of Nazi sympathies is so devastating that it is a convenient device)Tj
T*(to defame political candidates. In 1986 a campaign flyer circulated to Costa)Tj
T*(Mesa, California, residents claimed that Doug A. Yates, a two-time City Council)Tj
T*(candidate, was a member of a secret underground Nazi party. The two-page)Tj
T*(typewritten flyer, written on the stationery of Mesa Action, a local political)Tj
T*(action committee, attacked Yates, claiming he was a member of "an underground)Tj
T*(Nazi party now operating in the Western hemisphere." The flyer advised anyone)Tj
T*(seeing Yates to contact "Rabbi Stinovitz" at the Jewish Defense League office in)Tj
T*(Los Angeles. JDL Leader Irv Rubin said he had never heard of Rabbi Stinovitz.)Tj
T*(Mesa Action board members deny having anything to do with the flyer. Doug Yates,)Tj
T*(the target of the apparent defamation, said)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I don't know why I'm singled out for this kind of activity. Maybe there are)Tj
T*(people who think I have a good chance of winning.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Another case of bogus anti-Semitic literature occurred in Yorba Linda,)Tj
T*(Caiifornia in 1990. On March 25th residents found hundreds of flyers exhorting)Tj
T*(them to "Kill Every Jew" and stating that they were "distributed by the)Tj
T*(Methodist Fellowship." Rev. Kenneth Criswell, pastor at the local United)Tj
T*(Methodist Church, sent a letter to the community stating that the literature was)Tj
T*("falsely and fraudulently" attributed to the Methodist church. The Orange County)Tj
T*(Register reported)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("One side of the flier pictures Jesus Christ, quotes from the New Testament's)Tj
T*(gospel of Luke and says, 'Kill Every Jew.' The other side lists supposed reasons)Tj
T*(not to trust Jews".)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The literature was apparently an attempt to link a Christian denomination with)Tj
T*(hatred of Jews. A similar incident had occurred a few months earlier in)Tj
T*(Fullerton, California, where bogus publications were also placed in mailboxes)Tj
T*(and on doorsteps.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Oklahoma Department of Human Services Director Benjamin Demps, Jr., might have)Tj
T*(thought he was being harassed by the Ku Klux Klan when he saw a memo referring)Tj
T*(to him as a "Flying Coon" and pledging a continuation of the "good old boy ways")Tj
T*(in the department. Most puzzling is that the February 1990 memo was supposedly)Tj
T*(signed by a top DHS official.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Investigators soon determined that the signature was taken from another document)Tj
T*(sent by the official to an outside group. The memo was not written. in the)Tj
T*(manner of bona fide DHS memos, and everyone involved with it has denied)Tj
T*(knowledge of it.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Affirmative Action Officer Kim ones-Shelton said the department did not intend)Tj
T*(to pursue the investigation.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Another faked memo, containing a variety of racial and other epithets, made a)Tj
T*(similar stir in California. Huston T. Carlyle, Jr., a member of the Public)Tj
T*(Employment Relations Board, has asked for an investigation after the memo was)Tj
T*(sent to state union leaders over his signature. According to Carlyle)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Someone is really sick and attempting to discredit me. They xeroxed my)Tj
T*(signature from another memo and pasted it on this one.")Tj
T*()Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(because he frequently criticized Israel. Clark also admitted that he frequently)Tj
T*(made personal attacks against Speers on the air. Speers contended that he was)Tj
T*(not anti-Semitic and that he was merely anti-Zionist and anti-Israel. In)Tj
T*(ordering the acquittal of Speers Superior Court Judge Anthony V. DeMayo, said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("His choice of language might be unpleasant, but I heard nothing that might be)Tj
T*(obscene or that could be categorized as fighting words. All of it falls under)Tj
T*(the category of political speech.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What upsets me most about the state's position is that the reason we are)Tj
T*(prosecuting this defendant is that his views differ so vehemently from those of)Tj
T*(the talk show host.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In 1965, a fire killed 12 people at the Yonkers Jewish Community Center.)Tj
T*(18-year-old Thomas Ruppert, although innocent, was convicted of the crime. After)Tj
T*(serving five years of 24 life sentences and a sentence of 10 to 25 years for)Tj
T*(arson, Mr. Ruppert was ordered released.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The New York State Court of Appeals ruled that he had been coerced into making a)Tj
T*(confession. The fire, thought to be motivated by anti-Semitism, I produced)Tj
T*(enormous pressure on police to produce a suspect. Ruppert happened to be in the)Tj
T*(wrong place at the wrong time. He steadfastly maintained his innocence..)Tj
T*(Although released from prison, his life was horribly damaged by the event.)Tj
T*(Ruppert died in 1984, at the age of 34, of liver disease and other ailments.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Illinois Congressman Paul Findley, a 22-year veteran in the U. S. House Of)Tj
T*(Representatives, was defeated in his last election bid following an intense and)Tj
T*(inflammatory campaign against him by various pro-Israel groups. They regarded)Tj
T*(Findley as highly critical of Israel's policies. Two of Findley's fellow)Tj
T*(Illinois politicians were also defeated for re-election on the same grounds:)Tj
T*(Senators Charles Percy and Adlai Stevenson III. Incensed by the power of the)Tj
T*(forces arrayed against him, Findley wrote a definitive expose' of the Israeli)Tj
T*(lobby entitled, They Dare To Speak Out The book is in no way hateful or even)Tj
T*(remotely anti-Semitic, and is considered a definitive study of interest group)Tj
T*(politics.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This, however, did not keep the Anti-Defamation League, through its Nebraska)Tj
T*(regional director Robert Wolfson, from defaming the book and it's author. A)Tj
T*(local activist had mailed out several thousand copies to Nebraska professionals,)Tj
T*(such as "secondary-school teachers, university professors and attorneys." In a)Tj
T*(statement, the ADL's Wolfson said that Findley's book "is a work of Holocaust)Tj
T*(revisionism seeking to spread the claim that the Nazi slaughter of Jews was a)Tj
T*(hoax." Frederick Cassman, chairman of the Omaha ADL chapter, said 9Although)Tj
T*(purporting to criticize the 'sIrael Lobby,' they are actually distributing)Tj
T*(plainly anti-Semitic material.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(They Dare Io Speak Out makes absolutely no such claim. Findley does not support,)Tj
T*(nor does he even mention any form of "holocaust revisionism" in his book. The)Tj
T*(ADL claim was an absolute lie, but it certainly produced the desired adverse)Tj
T*(publicity against the book.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Suffolk County Assistant District Attorney Robert Caccese found himself charged)Tj
T*(with referring to defense attorney Robert Gottiieb as "a little Jew bastard" in)Tj
T*(October 1990. The conversation in which he was alleged to have made the remark)Tj
T*(was with attorney Mauro in a Riverside, New York, restaurant. Gottlieb)Tj
T*(had been his adversary in a highly publicized murder case.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(So great was the outcry against Caccese that his superior, Suffolk County)Tj
T*(District Attorney James Catterson, conducted a year-Tong investigation of the)Tj
T*(affair. The claim against Caccese apparently proved to be a fabrication.)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(Equally disturbing was the sheer vindictiveness of the Jury in last week's)Tj
T*(defamation trial.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(It is possible that some of them had pre-conceptions about Jews - that, at a)Tj
T*(subconscious level, they saw last week's trial as a battle for justice by a)Tj
T*(non-Jewish victim, wronged by the wealthy evil Jews characterized in)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic folklore.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(B'nai B'rith appealed the decision as promised, but when they saw that the)Tj
T*(original decision was receiving a sympathetic hearing from the Manitoba Court of)Tj
T*(Appeal, they dropped it and settled with Luba Fedorkiw for an undisclosed sum.)Tj
T*(Luba Fedorkiw said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The money was secondary. The apology was what I wanted. If B'nai B'rith had)Tj
T*(apologized in the beginning, we could have avoided a costly court case. I am)Tj
T*(happy thg matter has been laid to rest and I can get on with my life.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In February, 1989, after the matter was finally settled, the Canadian Jewish)Tj
T*(News editorialized:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("In battling the enemies of Judaism, however, some segments of the Jewish)Tj
T*(community have permitted an understandable zeal to triumph over common sense --)Tj
T*(forgetting that they must be careful to distinguish between legitimate debate)Tj
T*(and overt expressions of bigotry...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Bay Harbor, Florida, Arthur Green had dinner at the La Belle Epoque)Tj
T*(Restaurant in September 1982. Green, former vice president of Temple Israel of)Tj
T*(Greater Miami, and an active member of the Greater Miami Jewish Federation, had)Tj
T*(been sitting at a nearby table and witnessed a complaint by another customer)Tj
T*(over a veal chop. He wrote owner Dennis Rety about the incident. Rety, who)Tj
T*(speaks with a heavy French accent, telephoned Green in response to the letter)Tj
T*(and a heated exchange ensued. Green claimed that Rety called him "a dirty)Tj
T*(Jew..." and a kike, and that "all Jews are alike, you're all out to get)Tj
T*(something for nothing." Rety denies this.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Green then wrote a letter accusing Rety of anti-Semitism and threatened to put)Tj
T*(him out of business. Green never sent the letter to Rety, but posted it on)Tj
T*(bulletin boards in Jewish condominiums and circulated it to several prominent)Tj
T*(Jews. Rety's business was soon the subject of a boycott. He was admonished by)Tj
T*(the South Florida Hotel and Motel Association and lost his Chamber of Commerce)Tj
T*(membership. He went bankrupt within a year and moved to New Orleans.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Rety sued for libel, and in February 1986 a Miami Circuit Court jury of five)Tj
T*(women and one man awarded him $22.5 million for defamation. Green appealed the)Tj
T*(verdict, and in February 1989 the Third District Court of Appeals in Miami)Tj
T*(awarded Rety $5.5 million. The court said that Denis Rety was "entitled to an)Tj
T*(unprecedented compensatory and punitive damage award so as to fit the vicious)Tj
T*(arrogance of the defendant's conduct.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The court ruling said the evidence indicated that the alleged antiSemitic)Tj
T*(statements attributed to Denis Rety by Arthur Green were "completely fabricated.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Often, a false charge of anti-Semitism or racism is made because of values,)Tj
T*(opinions or beliefs expressed in a public forum. In the case of Thomas Speers of)Tj
T*(Waterbury, Connecticut, however, his expression of free speech landed him in)Tj
T*(court -- and at the behest of the very host of the radio talk show he appeared)Tj
T*(on.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Speers was arrested in January 1986 after radio talk show host Jay Clark, who is)Tj
T*(Jewish, filed a complaint with police. Clark accused Speers of "Jew baiting")Tj
ET
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T*(however, Justice Department officials were beginning to realize that would face)Tj
T*(a major embarrassment if another trial were to take place. They dismissed the)Tj
T*(case, apologized and awarded Nalus $34,000 of the estimated $60,000 he had spent)Tj
T*(on his defense.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Frank Halus puzzles to this day how the U. S. Government could have been led by)Tj
T*(the nose by professional Nazi hunters and their "witnesses." He says:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Before January 26 \(1977\), nobody...called me in or nobody came over to see me)Tj
T*(and maybe ask me: 'Mr. Nalus, listen, we have a complaint against you... What do)Tj
T*(you want to say about this. Do you have any proof that this is not true?'")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(To make matters worse, when Nalus had the temerity to complain of Wiesenthal's)Tj
T*(tactics, Wiesenthal sued him for slander, claiming that Nalus's comments were)Tj
T*("false and slanderous" and that they caused Wiesenthal to fall "into discredit)Tj
T*(with those persons with whom he has contact and has been held in public)Tj
T*(contempt, hatred and ridicule." Wiesenthal also charged that the newspaper that)Tj
T*(printed Nalus' comments had "acted irresponsibly and recklessly...with a)Tj
T*(reckless disregard for the truth." The suit was eventually dismissed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Canadian teacher Luba Fedorkiw, running for to the Canadian Parliament in 1984,)Tj
T*(discovered to her utter amazement that B'nai B'rith Canada, a major Jewish)Tj
T*("anti-defamation" organization, had circulated an internal memo which accused)Tj
T*(her of "Jew-baiting!" The allegation was repeated in the Winnipeg Sun along with)Tj
T*(the fact that she was being investigated by B'nai B'rith on suspicion of)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism. The resulting defamation cost her the election and subjected her)Tj
T*(to malicious harassment. According to Ms. Fedorkiw:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("When the investigation was publicized, she received obscene and harassing)Tj
T*(telephone calls, a swastika was spraypainted on her campaign office and a number)Tj
T*(of her political supporters withdrew their support.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Luba Fedorkiw sued B'nai B'rith for libel in 1987. She claimed that the)Tj
T*(defamatory statements circulated by the organization had destroyed her)Tj
T*(reputation and ruined her chances for an election victory. During her trial the)Tj
T*(court heard that she had allegedly charged that her opponent was "controlled by)Tj
T*(the Jews.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The four-woman, two-man Jury found that this charge against Fedorkiw was false)Tj
T*(and that B'nai B'rith had acted out of malice in circulating the unfounded)Tj
T*(charge. The jury found for Ms. Fedorkiw and awarded her a total of $400,000 in)Tj
T*(damages on 25 November 1987. Ms. Fedorkiw said:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I feel I've been vindicated. I feel my name has been cleared in Winnipeg,)Tj
T*(through the Progressive Conservative Party and throughout Canada. I'd like to go)Tj
T*(on with my career as a teacher and go on with my personal life. I want to get)Tj
T*(back to my students. I miss them.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Jewish press agonized over the decision. The Jewish Post and News)Tj
T*(editorialized that the jury award was unfair and questioned Fedorkiw's motives)Tj
T*(in filing the libel suit. The paper complained that she was negligent in not)Tj
T*(investigating her campaign staff for making allegedly anti-Semitic remarks:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Instead, she went on, after her election loss to David Orlikow, to sue the)Tj
T*(League for Human Rights \(of B'nai B'rith\), implicitly blaming it for her defeat.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(If Fedorkiw wanted to dispel the uncertainty that had arisen during her campaign)Tj
T*(about her attitude toward Jews, taking court action against a Jewish service)Tj
T*(group was a strange way to do it.)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(the biggest fairy tale anybody has ever told the U. S. Army to get a medal.")Tj
T*(Claire O. Ehle said the claim was "one big hoax" and that Rubitsky was "hiding)Tj
T*(behind a smokescreen of anti-Semitism to cover up his flimsy, unsubstantiated)Tj
T*(fairy tale.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On 9 February 1990, two months after the Army report, Jewish Week reported that)Tj
T*(the Anti-Defamation League had finally conceded the Army's position. With that,)Tj
T*(the story disappeared. Undaunted, Rubitsky vowed to fight on.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(If false charges that an individual is anti-Semitic or racist are damaging,)Tj
T*(imagine what false charges that he is a Nazi war criminal might be like. A)Tj
T*(Chicago resident had to go through such an ordeal in 1978. The United States)Tj
T*(government eventually wound up agreeing that charges should never have been)Tj
T*(filed in the first place, and paid just over half of his attorney's fees.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Frank Nalus was born in 1922 in Germany. when he was ten years old his family)Tj
T*(moved to Poland. In September 1939 the Germans invaded that country, and five)Tj
T*(months later Nalus, who was of small stature, and a group of other Polish youths)Tj
T*(were taken to Germany to work on farms. This he continued to do throughout the)Tj
T*(War. Nalus immigrated to the United States in 1963, where he was joined by his)Tj
T*(wife and three children. He became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 1970.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(His nightmare began in January 1977 when he was served with papers by the U. S.)Tj
T*(Justice Department accusing him of concealing involvement in war crimes and)Tj
T*(membership in Nazi organizations when he applied for citizenship. A year later)Tj
T*(Nalus found himself in federal court, listening to testimony that implicated him)Tj
T*(in the murders of nearly two dozen civilians while acting as a German Gestapo)Tj
T*(officer during World War II.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The charges were the result of an investigation begun in 1973 by controversial)Tj
T*(Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. According to Wiesenthal, his own unnamed sources)Tj
T*(and Israeli police had learned of.a former Nazi Gestapo agent who was living in)Tj
T*(Chicago. That man was allegedly Frank Nalus. During his trial Nalus listened to)Tj
T*(utterly fantastic accounts from "eyewitnesses" imported from Israel. Moniek)Tj
T*(Rozanski, 58, for example, said he saw Nalus beat a Jewish man to death with an)Tj
T*(iron bar next to Gestapo headquarters in Poland in 1940. Joseph Koenigsberg, a)Tj
T*(resident of Tel Aviv, said he saw Nalus kill a lawyer the day after Yom Kippur)Tj
T*(in 1942. Meylich Rozenwald, a Tel Aviv shopkeeper, testified through a Yiddish)Tj
T*(language interpreter that he saw Nalus kill three persons in Kielce on 24 August)Tj
T*(1942.1 Among other allegations were that Nalus shot a mother and her two)Tj
T*(daughters in Crestochowa; that he shot three Jews who were too weak to work;)Tj
T*(that he marched 10 to 15 children, ages 4 to 9, into a building in Kielce and)Tj
T*(killed all of them with his pistol. He was also accused of killing a woman who)Tj
T*(emerged from a hospital and, when her daughter bent over her body and cried)Tj
T*("Mama, Mama," killing her, too. All of the eyewitnesses were absolutely certain)Tj
T*(that Nalus was the culprit. Newspapers reported that "they pointed to him seated)Tj
T*(at the defense table and hissed in Polish, "Here is the murderer," or "I will)Tj
T*(never forget that face.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There was just one small problem with all of this: the Justice Department, Simon)Tj
T*(Wiesenthal and all the witnesses were wrong. In addition to producing witnesses)Tj
T*(and documents that corroborated his own account, there were several major)Tj
T*(discrepancies that should have tipped off government attorneys Among these were)Tj
T*(the fact that Nalus was only five feet two inches tall, far too short to be)Tj
T*(allowed to join the Gestapo in the first place \(some witnesses claimed Halus was)Tj
T*(over six feet tall\), and he would have to have been a Gestapo officer at age 19)Tj
T*(or 20, a virtual impossibility. Nevertheless, the civil trial \(with rules of)Tj
T*(evidence far more lenient than in a criminal trial\), presided over by judge)Tj
T*(Julius Hoffman found Nalus guilty and ordered deportation proceedings. Later, an)Tj
T*(appeals court reversed the conviction and ordered a new trial. By this time,)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(An incident which demonstrates the credulousness of both the news media and)Tj
T*(politicians whenever "anti-Semitism" is invoked occurred when World War e II)Tj
T*(veteran David Rubitsky, 71, claimed in 1988 that he had single-handedly wiped)Tj
T*(out up to 600 Japanese soldiers in the battle for New Guinea on 1 December 1942,)Tj
T*(a transparently fantastic allegation. According to Rubitsky)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("[The bodies of the Japanese soldiers] were lying there, on branches, roots,)Tj
T*(piled like cordwood atop one another. Some were still alive. Some I just hit in)Tj
T*(the shoulder and couldn't move, some in the legs. So I would just shoot them and)Tj
T*(bayonet them, shoot them and bayonet them. I was completely an insane man. To)Tj
T*(think that a human being would do that to another human being, what I did.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Rubitsky, a communications sergeant at the time, said the ordeal took some 21)Tj
T*(hours and that he used a .30 caliber heavy machine gun, a Browning automatic)Tj
T*(rifle and an M1 rifle. He also claimed that he had been denied a Congressional)Tj
T*(Medal Of Honor for his heroic feat solely because of antiSemitism. He said that)Tj
T*(Army Col. John N. Mott had told him that "Ne don't give the medal to Jews.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to Rubitsky, this wasn't his only brush with)Tj
T*(anti-SemitismVictimization has been a recurring theme in his life. He said his)Tj
T*(family was frequently victimized while he was growing up in Edgerton, Wisconsin:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(""Two times we had crosses burned on our lawn by a political organization," he)Tj
T*(said. My father was beaten up many, many times for no reason at all. While I was)Tj
T*(in the service, my mother was being harassed." 6)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(For several years Rubitsky diligently pursued the Medal of Honor issue, largely)Tj
T*(through a sympathetic and uncritical news media, and the assistance of the)Tj
T*(Anti-Defamation League. Due to pressure generated on Rubitsky's behalf by the)Tj
T*(ADL, including a resolution signed by 92 members of congress, the Army undertook)Tj
T*(a two-year review of his claim in 1987. as Newspapers around the nation)Tj
T*(credulously bought the story. An editorial in the San Francisco Chronicle)Tj
T*(opined:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The ugly possibility that discrimination played a significant role in denying)Tj
T*(the Medal of Honor to heroic American soldiers in both world wars has been)Tj
T*(raised in the extraordinary case of a Jewish veteran credited with)Tj
T*(single-handedly killing more than 500 infantrymen.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Madison, Wisconsin, Capitol Times published an articled headlined, "WWII)Tj
T*(Soldier Started Anti-Semitism Battle Early In Life." Stories dramatizing the)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism angle appeared in publications ranging from Time magazine to the)Tj
T*(New York limes. In the meantime, it was learned that Rubitsky had signed a book)Tj
T*(contract with Warren Kozak, a reporter for National Public Radio, which had)Tj
T*(heavily publicized Rubitsky's plight. Kozak's sister, Milwaukee attorney Ellen)Tj
T*(Kozak, is a friend of the Rubitsky family.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On 8 December 1989, following an unprecedented 23-month study of his)Tj
T*(allegations, the Army concluded that Rubitsky's claim was unfounded. .The Army)Tj
T*(obtained evidence from forensic specialists and took statements from Rubitsky)Tj
T*(and 20 others who were at the scene. The Anti-Defamation League called the)Tj
T*(decision "unconscionable." Abraham Foxman said the ADL would urge Army Secretary)Tj
T*(Michael Stone to reverse the ruling in spite of the evidence. The Army)Tj
T*(investigation found that a photograph with a message that "six hundred fine)Tj
T*(soldiers died because of a single American soldier" was spurious and fraudulent.)Tj
T*(Japanese and American military records were an agreement that no such an attack)Tj
T*(by the Japanese had ever taken place.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Even members of Rubitsky's old World War II unit disputed his claim and called)Tj
T*(it a hoax. George Hess, a member of Rubitsky's infantry regiment said, "It is)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(12 Betty Barnacle and Rodney Foo, "Hate Crime Turns Out To Be A Prank," San Jose)Tj
T*(Mercury News \(9 December 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(13 Jackie Hajerus, "Han Pleads Guilty, Says He Lied, Police Weren't Racist," The)Tj
T*(Citizen \(18 April 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(14 "Arson Alleged in Fire That Was Blamed on Arab Hatred, Seattle Times \(29 July)Tj
T*(1992\). S)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 8)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(False Charges of Racism and Anti-Semitism)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Given the strong social taboos attached to anything perceived as racism and)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism it is no small thing when false charges of this sort are leveled.)Tj
T*(A major difficulty lies in the fact that both "racism" and "antiSemitism" are)Tj
T*(vague and poorly-defined terms in popular usage.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Eric Breindel makes this observation about racism:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The very charge of 'racism' has already been rendered nearly meaningless by)Tj
T*(those who use it recklessly to describe everything with which they're unhappy --)Tj
T*(from university tuition increases to the black dropout rate to the indictment of)Tj
T*(Marion Barry to the appearance of crack in the inner city.')Tj
T*()Tj
T*(David Wilson, a columnist for the Boston Globe, noted that "to be accused or)Tj
T*(racism is like being sprayed by a skunk." He continues: "Even if a wholly)Tj
T*(exculpatory response can be made, the party charged with racism remains subtly)Tj
T*(tainted, possibly because the charge itself consists in part of self-fulfilling)Tj
T*(prophecy. The accused, ordinarily unaccustomed to being insulted and lied about,)Tj
T*(is unlikely to think kindly of the accuser.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Anti-Semitism is even worse It conjures up images of concentration camps, gas)Tj
T*(chambers and Nazi Stormtroopers. When Jon Carroll, a columnist for the San)Tj
T*(Francisco Examiner criticized Israel for its treatment Palestinians, he was)Tj
T*(deluged with hate mail which he characterized as "easily the most personally)Tj
T*(hostile I have ever received." He says,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I was called an anti-Semite. It's a cheap libel because it's so impossible to)Tj
T*(refute. Try it yourself. I've just called you an anti-Semite. What do you do)Tj
T*(now? I hope that you didn't say that some of your best friends Jewish That was)Tj
T*(revealed long ago as just another euphemism for anti-Semitism. So what else?)Tj
T*(Remember, I actually praised the contributions of Jews to the 20th century)Tj
T*(culture; that was seen by more than one correspondent as proof of my sneaky)Tj
T*(tactics.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(You can't even point out the unfairness of it. That's called 'blaming the)Tj
T*(victim.' So what do you do? You just shut up, is what you do. You can't prove a)Tj
T*(negative. There it is, on the record: You're an anti-Semite because someone said)Tj
T*(so.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Sometimes resistance is not all futile. Here are some accounts of individuals)Tj
T*(\(and in one case the U. S. Army\) who fought back when they were falsely charged)Tj
T*(with racism and anti-Semitism.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cases)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(beginning of the case. Some of the slurs used almost polite language instead of)Tj
T*(the ugly terms often used in bona fide hate crimes.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Sergie Rivera Ayala, a native of Mexico and a Spanish instructor at Syracuse)Tj
T*(University in New York, claimed that he had been abducted at knifepoint by two)Tj
T*(men. Sheriff's deputies found him lying on the roadside 11 July 1990, his hands)Tj
T*(tied behind his back with his own bandana. He said he had been shopping for milk)Tj
T*(at a Cortland grocery story. Deputies didn't believe him and he was arrested for)Tj
T*(a burglary at a nearby home. Ayala maintained he had been arrested and)Tj
T*(victimized by police solely because of his race.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Nine months later, in April 1991, Ayala pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of)Tj
T*(criminal trespass in the second degree, a Class A misdemeanor, and admitted in)Tj
T*(writing that the abduction story was a hoax. Ayala, in a signed statement, said)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("To the extent that there has been created the impression that I was arrested,)Tj
T*(prosecuted and persecuted because of my Mexican heritage and descent, I)Tj
T*(apologize.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Detroit, Michigan, an Arab-American was charged with arson in a 1991 incident)Tj
T*(in which he blamed anti-Arab racism for a fire at his Dairy Queen. Kareem)Tj
T*(Khoury, 36, was indicted on charges of arson and insurance fraud in July 1993,)Tj
T*(according to U. S. Attorney Stephen Markman. According to news reports:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Prosecutors said Khoury hired an employee to set the January 1991, fire to)Tj
T*(collect the insurance. The fire caused up to $500,000 in damage. Days before,)Tj
T*(someone tossed paint balloons and sprayed graffiti on the restaurant in what)Tj
T*(authorities said appeared to be an anti-Arab attack.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1 Jean Lepley, "UW Rally Against Racism, In Support of Park," Seattle Chinese)Tj
T*(Post \(24 November 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 Kerry Godes, "Students At UW Protest Attack On Asian Han," Seattle)Tj
T*(Post-lntelligencer \(15 November 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Chuck Tayor, "Justice For Darres Park," Seattle Times \(13 December 1990\). N M)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 Michael A. Barber and Kerry Godes, "Alleged Attack Victim Arrested," Seattle)Tj
T*(Post+Intelligencer \(13 December 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Kerry Godes, "Hate-Crime Story Fakes, Says Seattle Police Dept," Seattle)Tj
T*(Post-lntelligencer \(18 December 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 Steve Hiletich, "Hoax Perpetrator Pleads Guilty to Bank Robberies," Seattle)Tj
T*(Post+Intelligencer \(29 January 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 Hark Vane, "Candidate Finds Fire, Epithets in Latest Racial-Tinged Vandalism,")Tj
T*(Washington Times \(3 September 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Richard Tapscott and Debbie M. Price, "P.G. Police Question Vandalism Report,")Tj
T*(Washington Post \(7 September 1990\). i)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 Hatt Neufeld, "Police Suspect Ploy by Insider," Washington Times \(7 September)Tj
T*(1990\). 1 S)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 "Politics Cited In Cross-Burning Case," Washington Times \(15 September 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(11 Alan Gathright, "Asian Family's House Vandalized with Racist Epithets," San)Tj
T*(£958 Mercury News \(5 December 1992\).)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(to newspapers and police.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On December 18, Seattle Police reported that Park's account of the alleged "hate)Tj
T*(crime" was a gross exaggeration. The event, it turned out, involved an)Tj
T*(altercation outside a nightclub in which Park and a single opponent were both)Tj
T*(armed with clubs, not six racist skinheads as Park had reported.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On 28 January 1992 Park pleaded guilty to bank robbery charges under an)Tj
T*(arrangement where the government agreed to drop weapons charges. Under federal)Tj
T*(sentencing guidelines he could receive up to 80 years in prison. A Maryland)Tj
T*(House of Delegates candidate returned to his Ft. Washington home in September)Tj
T*(1990, to find two of his campaign signs burning in his yard and racial epithets)Tj
T*(painted on his garage. David Valderrama, a former Prince George's County)Tj
T*(0rphan's Court Judge of Filipino descent, was running on a A slate of candidates)Tj
T*(called the "Democratic Unity Team," which included five blacks, the judge and)Tj
T*(one white. He speculated that the incident was "the work of a bigot or political)Tj
T*(opponent.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Within a few days another story began to emerge. As investigating officers)Tj
T*(probed deeper into Valderrama's story, he stopped cooperating. Lt. Col. Robert)Tj
T*(Phillips, commander of the patrol division, noted that he failed to keep)Tj
T*(appointments for questioning.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("On the first occasion, he did not keep the appointment, indicating that his)Tj
T*(schedule prevented it. On the second occasion, he said he would not give a)Tj
T*(statement on the advice of his attorney.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police also said that they had possible fingerprint evidence in a case of)Tj
T*(alleged hate-mail directed at Valderrama, but when they asked him to provide his)Tj
T*(fingerprints or to take a polygraph examination he refused. In the meantime, the)Tj
T*(criminal investigation's focus began to shift toward a campaign staffer who also)Tj
T*(refused to cooperate. Investigator's had come to suspect someone on the staff)Tj
T*(because of the skillfully generated publicity by Valderrama's handling of the)Tj
T*(incidents.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On 15 September, 12 days after the incident occurred, the case was closed,)Tj
T*(although a WUSA-TV television report said that Valderrama was a suspect in the)Tj
T*(case.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A major cross-burning case in Prince George's County was closed because of)Tj
T*(political pressure, according to reports, which say that the stumbling block was)Tj
T*(the office of State's Attorney Alex Williams. Mr. Williams is politically)Tj
T*(aligned with the person who reported the crime on his property, State Delegate)Tj
T*(David Valderrama.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A In San Jose, California, Chi Nguyen's family found swastikas and antiAsian)Tj
T*(graffiti scrawled outside their home on December 1992. The vandals had written)Tj
T*("Bitch" in ketchup on Nguyen's daughter Betty's car, and wrote "Nip Bitch" and)Tj
T*("KKK" on the sidewalk and driveway of the house. Officer Veronica Damon said the)Tj
T*(police department was investigating the incident as a hate crime, which carries)Tj
T*(a maximum punishment of one year in jail and a $5,000 fine. Betty Nguyen said:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We're standing up against discrimination and racism - once and for all. I think)Tj
T*(people should be aware of racial tension in the community.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Five days later, however, newspapers downgraded the "hate crime" to a "prank.")Tj
T*(Police Detective Sgt. Art Munoz said the 17-year-old culprit, also a)Tj
T*(Vietnamese-American, had quarreled with Betty Nguyen three months previous and)Tj
T*(drew swastikas, KKK and slogans on the family property to anger the girl.)Tj
T*(Detective Munoz said that investigators felt something wasn't quite right at the)Tj
ET
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T*(1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(66 Arlo Wagner, "Homeowner-Vandal Case Isn't Proven, Lawyer Says," Washington)Tj
T*(Times \(27 September 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(67 Arlo Wagner, "Man Acquitted on Charges He Vandalized His Own Home,")Tj
T*(Washington Times \(1 October 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(68 Arlo Wagner, "Man Acquitted of Vandalizing Own Home Also Freed on Theft,")Tj
T*(Washington Times \(9 October 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(69 Arlo Wagner, "Couple Reports anti-Semitic Acts for Second Time," Washington)Tj
T*(Times \(12 June 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(70 Joe Mooney, "Hate Crime A Scam, Say Charges," Seattle Post Intelligencer)Tj
T*(\(September 13, 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 7)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Other Minorities)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Although Blacks and Jews are the subject of most of the hoaxes, members of other)Tj
T*(ethnic groups have also taken part. A Seattle, Washington, case involving an)Tj
T*(Asian man demonstrates how complicated hoaxes can become. Cases)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In November 1990 the Seattle Chinese Post, an ethnic weekly, carried the)Tj
T*(headline: "UN Rally Against Racism, In Support Of Park," referring to Darres)Tj
T*(Park, a 23-year-old Korean-Chinese student, who had claimed he was attacked by)Tj
T*(six white men wielding baseball bats and tire irons. Park was quoted as saying)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Hate crimes -- that is, usually racially motivated crimes -- have been on the)Tj
T*(rise and traditionally Asians have been told to grin and bear it. This rally is)Tj
T*(telling them something different...they don't have to be victims." Park claimed)Tj
T*(that three whites had held off his two Caucasian friends A while a small crowd)Tj
T*(gathered to cheer the attackers on, some of them yelling, "Brain the gook." He)Tj
T*(also said that without his knowledge of martial arts his attackers would have)Tj
T*(succeeded.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Clearly, Darres Park had become a local hero in the fight against bigotry and)Tj
T*(prejudice. On November 14, Park spoke at an "anti-hatred" rally sponsored by a)Tj
T*(University of Washington civil rights group. Chanting "Hey ho, hey ho, racism)Tj
T*(has got to go!" and waving banners, some 150 University of Washington students)Tj
T*(marched on the University President's office demanding justice. Accounts of the)Tj
T*(alleged attack appeared nationwide, as well as in the International Herald)Tj
T*(Examiner.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(But there were problems with the story. Although Park claimed that he had)Tj
T*(reported the attack to police after a visit to a local hospital, police had no)Tj
T*(record of a report being filed. In fact, they had contacted Park after a story)Tj
T*(about the attack appeared in a community newspaper. Kevin Kane, a friend of Park)Tj
T*(who claimed to have witnessed the attack and who backed up Park's assertion that)Tj
T*(he had reported the attack to police, revised his account under police)Tj
T*(questioning "I told them I was not at the station when the report was filed," he)Tj
T*(said.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This was not a routine hate-crime hoax. On I3 December 1990 Darres Park and a)Tj
T*(confederate were charged with three armed bank robberies in Seattle and Battle)Tj
T*(Ground. Also charged in the bank robberies with Park was Joseph Fritz, white,)Tj
T*(who had also "witnessed" the attack on Park and initially supported his account)Tj
ET
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T*(43 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(44 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(45 Robert J. Lopez, "Alleged Harassment Victim Says He Wrote Some Hate Letters)Tj
T*(Himself," Oakland Tribune \(12 September 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(46 Garth Wolkoff, "Concord Man Admits Fabricating Anti-Semitic Attacks,")Tj
T*(Northern California Jewish Bulletin \(20 September 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(47 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(48 David Mills, "Han Ordered To Trial In Hate-Crime Hoax," West County Times,)Tj
T*(\(17 January 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(49 Garth Wolkoff, "Han Who Faked Hate Crimes Gets Year In County Jail," Northern)Tj
T*(California Jewish Bulletin \(17 July 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(50 Christine Vendel, "Jewish Student Placed Anti-Semitic Notes, Police Say,")Tj
T*(Kansas City Star \(11 February 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(51 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(52 Julie Hutchinson, "Ex-Firefighter Pleads No Contest to Arson," Daily Camera)Tj
T*(\(15 April 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(53 "Youths Charged In Burglary Case,? Chicago Tribune \(7 February 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(54 George Ramos, "Security Firm Owner Arrested In Vandalism," Los Angeles limes)Tj
T*(\(8 June 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(55"Woman Faked Hate Crime to Collect Insurance, Police Say," \(Chicago Tribune \(2)Tj
T*(January 1994\))Tj
T*()Tj
T*(56 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(57 Hark Brown, "Swastikas In Denver: Isolated Incidents, or Worse?" Rocky)Tj
T*(Mountain News \(13 June 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(58 Tustin Amole, "Pena Orders Investigation of Racist Acts." Rocky Mountain News)Tj
T*(\(14 June 1990\); For Racial Justice," Rocky Mountain News \(23 December 1990\))Tj
T*()Tj
T*(59 Kevin Flynn, "Hate Crime Hoaxes: Lies Sabotage The Battle I Afl)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(60 Enrique J. Gonzales, "Vandalized: Jewish Family Finds Clue, But Still in)Tj
T*('State of Shock,'" Washington Times \(23 March 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(61 Peter Kelly, "500 To Clean Up Vandalized Home," Montgomery \(Journal \(28 March)Tj
T*(1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(62 Larry Witham, "Vandals' Victims Refuse to Relocate." Washington Times \(29)Tj
T*(March 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(63 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(64 Joanna Shuman, "Kleins Maintain Their Innocence in Hate Crime," Montgomery)Tj
T*(gazette \(10 April 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(65 Arlo Wagner, "Hate Victim Charged as Fake," Washington Times \(17 July 1991\);)Tj
T*(Retha Hill, "'Hate' Crime Victim now The Accused," Washington Post \(17 July)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(22 Dave Lesher, "Youth Given Suspended Sentence For Setting Hartford Fires)Tj
T*(Hartford Courant \(28 February 1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(23 "Mort Gets Trashed?," Newsweek \(8 May 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(24 Joe Palka, "Mouthing Off," Washington Times \(8 May 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(25Thomas G. Keane, "Fire Dept's Swastika Probe is Stalled," San Francisco)Tj
T*(Chronicle \(20 February 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(26 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(27 "Swastikas Fainted On Apartments By Two Jewish Youths," Jewish Sentinel \(31)Tj
T*(March 1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(28 Rhone Melody Bosin, "Jewish Youth Charged In Swastika Burning," Washington)Tj
T*(Jewish Week \(6 August 1987\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(29 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(30 Frank Argote-Freyre, "Jewish Teens Charged In Spray-Painting." Asbury Park)Tj
T*(Press \(18 July 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(31 Frank Argote-Freyre, "Swastika Incident Not Considered AntiSemitic Act.")Tj
T*(Asbury Park Press \(23 July 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(32 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(33 "Acid Attack Puzzles Police: Sexton's Story Stirs Questions," Milwaukee)Tj
T*(Journal \(8 December 1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(34 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(35 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(36 Editorial, "Synagogue Incident is Shocking," Milwaukee Journal \(11 December)Tj
T*(1985\).\))Tj
T*()Tj
T*(37 Jay Anderson, "Several Suspected in Synagogue Case," Milwaukee Journal \(24)Tj
T*(July 1984\); Alicia Armstrong, "Vandals Strike at Jewish Center," Milwaukee)Tj
T*(Journal \(27 July 1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(38 "Vandalized Apartment is Latest Attack on Sexton," Milwaukee Journal \(20)Tj
T*(December 1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(39 "Brother Says Sexton Was Depressed, " Milwaukee Journal \(161 May 1986\);)Tj
T*("Additional Tests Ordered On Cause Of Sexton's Death," Milwaukee Journal \(17 May)Tj
T*(1986\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(40 Lisa S. Lenkiewicz, "Woodside Rebuilds, Arsonist 'Known' But Still At Large,")Tj
T*(Washington Jewish Week \(6 August 1987\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(41 Nat Kanter, "Jewish Youth Arrested In Swastika Fire," New York Daily News \(29)Tj
T*(August 1979\): United Press International, "Dog Stirs Swastika Burning," \(April)Tj
T*(1980\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(42 Garth Wolkoff, "Hate Crimes Damaging Health of Concord Man," Northern)Tj
T*(California Jewish Bulletin \(6 September 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(two had admitted the hoax to them.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l ADL Bulletin, March 1985.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 Ronald Smothers, "Hate Fliers Inflame Mayoral Race in New Orleans," New York)Tj
T*(Times \(27 February 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 James Feron, "Yonkers Housing Advocate Held in Fake Death Threats." New York)Tj
T*(Times \(1 December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Sharon Broussard, "Swastika Raid On Deseg Supporter." New York Daily News \(28)Tj
T*(November 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 "Yonkers Woman Admits Faking Death Threats and Anti-Semitic Graffiti," Jewish)Tj
T*(Telegraph Agency \(1 December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 "Jewish Shops Struck," Associated Press \(24 November 1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Joe Starita, "Vandals Arouse Fears Of Anti-Semitism," Miami Herald \(6 December)Tj
T*(1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 William Saphire, "Jewish Defense Group Organizes Patrols," Kansas City Jewish)Tj
T*(Chronicle \(6 December 1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 Bill Farrell and Alton Slagle, "Han Nabbed in Rock Spree," New York Daily)Tj
T*(News \(10 December 1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(11 Jewish Telegraph Agency, "NY Jewish Vandal Nabbed," Kansas City Jewish)Tj
T*(Chronicle \(20 December 1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12 Nels Nelson, "Nazis Win Permit For Park Rally Sunday," Philadelphia Daily)Tj
T*(News \(21 February 1979\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(13 "Park Service Rescinds Permit for Nazi Rally at Independence hall," New York)Tj
T*(Times \(24 February 1979\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l4 Barbara Sullivan, "3 Arsons Ignite Old Fear of AntiSemitism," Chicago Tribune)Tj
T*(\(1 September 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15 Karlynn Carrington, "4th Target Hit By Arson," Hartford Courant \(18 September)Tj
T*(1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(16 Sullivan, Op Cit.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(17 Michael J. Davies, "Covering An Arsonist's Acts," Hartford Courant \(2 October)Tj
T*(1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l8 Tao Woolfe, "Father Says His Son Confessed To Rabbi About Arson Attacks,")Tj
T*(Hartford Courant \(16 December 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19 Editorial, "Peace In The Family," Hartford Courant \(15 December 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(20 Dave Lesher, "Arson Arrest Ended Obsession For Police," Hartford Courant \(17)Tj
T*(December 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2l "Suspect Planned To Set More Fires, Authorities Say." Hartford Courant \(24)Tj
T*(January 1984\).)Tj
ET
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T*(inventoried damages on March 25. However, a police photograph taken of the table)Tj
T*(during the investigation on March 21 showed that it was unbroken at that time,)Tj
T*(suggesting that it had been broken afterward.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Nevertheless, the evidence against Klein, although seemingly strong, was)Tj
T*(circumstantial. Hardware store clerk Jay Russell could not identify Mr. Klein as)Tj
T*(the man who purchased the spraypaint, although he remembered him in the store)Tj
T*(that morning. Claiming that the evidence presented by the state was)Tj
T*("speculative," Judge William C. Miller found for the defense and acquitted)Tj
T*(Curtis Klein of all charges. with respect to the failure of the Kleins, dog to)Tj
T*(bark at the alleged vandal, Miller said, "The onlg7thing the court can infer is)Tj
T*(that this dog is not a very good watchdog." A week later Maryland Assistant)Tj
T*(State's Attorney James Trusty dropped the charges in the alleged theft of $1,300)Tj
T*(from Klein's former employer. Klein had been accused of destroying and)Tj
T*(falsifying receipts between 1 November and 16 November 1990 police said. Kleins')Tj
T*(attorney, Barry Hefland, said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("My client has already admitted it to police. My client had a nervous breakdown)Tj
T*(over this case. In spite of his admission, I'g8have won the case, he has)Tj
T*(reimbursed his former employers.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(But it was not over yet. Once again the mysterious anti-Semitic vandal struck)Tj
T*(the hapless Klein family.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In June 1992 -- fifteen months after the first anti-Semitic incidentSusan Klein)Tj
T*(said she opened the door of her new apartment and faced a black Nazi swastika)Tj
T*(painted on the walls. As in the March 1991 incident, couches, chairs, drapes and)Tj
T*(clothing were slashed. Drawers were strewn about, china closed and kitchen)Tj
T*(cupboard doors were opened and everything seemed to have been spotted by black)Tj
T*(spraypaint. "Jew" was painted across a table and a picture of a rabbi was)Tj
T*(slashed. Police said they found no sign of forced entry. Mrs. Klein expressed)Tj
T*(concern that police would consider her husband a suspect once again.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In October, 1994, three Tacoma residents returned home to find antiSemitic)Tj
T*(slogans and swastikas, along with anti-homosexual graffiti spraypainted all over)Tj
T*(their apartment. Upholstery was slashed, plumbing torn loose, and red paint)Tj
T*(splattered throughout the interior. Somebody had taken a long time to complete)Tj
T*(their "hate crime," which occurred while the three were attending a Gay Pride)Tj
T*(celebration in nearby Vancouver, British Columbia. Interestingly, in spite of)Tj
T*(the swastikas, none of the victims was Jewish although all three were evidently)Tj
T*(homosexuals. Media coverage of the event was extensive, and the victims received)Tj
T*(several private donations from sympathetic citizens. Police estimated the damage)Tj
T*(at $80,000.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A month later Tacoma police received a tip through a local "hot line." After an)Tj
T*(investigation, the "hate crime" took on another tone. According to media)Tj
T*(reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Three Tacoma residents, once considered victims of bigotry, were)Tj
T*(arrested...and accused of vandalizing the rental home they shared, then)Tj
T*(reporting it to police as a hate crime motivated by their gay lifestyle.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Eric Lee Sturgis, 26, Lee Erick Brovold, 24, and Michelle L. Murray were each)Tj
T*(charged yesterday...for their roles in the destruction of their home...and the)Tj
T*(subsequent insurance s claims they made.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police arrested Sturgis and Brovold as they were attempting to flee the state.)Tj
T*(Investigators searched three storage units, one 10 by 30 feet, where the)Tj
T*(suspects apparently moved the goods as donations accumulated. Prosecutors also)Tj
T*(charged that Sturgis and Brovold had threatened to kill witnesses who said the)Tj
ET
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T*(struggle against anti-Semitism. According to news reports Mr. Klein claimed)Tj
T*(that,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...90 percent of their belongings were slashed, broken, shredded or marred with)Tj
T*(black spraypaint that was used to write hate graffiti throughout the house.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A review of hate crimes against property and anti-Semitic vandalism suggests)Tj
T*(that cases where the perpetrators go to this much effort to send a message are)Tj
T*(extremely rare. For a person to take time to shred clothes, for example, implies)Tj
T*(a deeply personal motive for the vandalism, suggesting that it might have been)Tj
T*(someone with a personal animus against the victim. Investigators could not)Tj
T*(locate anyone who fit this description. On the other hand, cases like this often)Tj
T*(prove to be hoaxes. According to Montgomery County Police spokesman Harry)Tj
T*(Geehreng,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We have not established a motive. We have no suspects. It?s strange. why was)Tj
T*(this family targeted? There were other Jewish families in the area.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Before long the media began reporting that Curtis Klein was a suspect in the)Tj
T*(case, although no charges had been filed. The Kleins' attorneys, Barry Helfand)Tj
T*(and Alan Goldstein, were accused police of "leaking information" to the press.)Tj
T*(Goldstein spoke of it in conspiratorial terms, saying the police were trying to)Tj
T*("poison the public's mind." It was also learned that Klein had been charged with)Tj
T*(stealing approximately $1,300 from a Germantown beauty salon where he used to)Tj
T*(work. On advice from his attorneys, Klein refused to answer any questions.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On July 6th, Montgomery County police charged Klein with felony theft,)Tj
T*(destruction of property and filing a false crime report in order to collect more)Tj
T*(than $31,000 from his insurance company. Anti-Defamation League regional)Tj
T*(director David Friedman, who had taken an interest in the case, expressed)Tj
T*("sadness" at the direction the case had taken. Klein denied the charges and said)Tj
T*(he had been a victim of hate violence. His wife was not charged.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A district court statement of charges detailed several inconsistencies in Kleins)Tj
T*(account.. Montgomery County detective Kevin Stone said that entry was apparently)Tj
T*(not forced. Curtis Klein reported to work as a hairdresser about 10:15 AM on the)Tj
T*(day of the incident, giving him ample time to vandalize the house. A neighbor)Tj
T*(said that the Kleins' dog, which had always barked at strangers, did not bark)Tj
T*(that morning. Although many of the Kleins' belongings were destroyed or damaged,)Tj
T*(some items that were obviously Jewish were not harmed -- somewhat the opposite)Tj
T*(of what might be expected in a bona fide hate crime.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police immediately searched for a spraypaint can, but it was three days later)Tj
T*(that the Kleins turned in a can they said was found under the debris. The can)Tj
T*(had been purchased at the hardware store closest to the Klein residence, and a)Tj
T*(clerk said that Curtis Klein had been in the store on the morning of the)Tj
T*(vandalism. Klein at first claimed that $6,750 in jewelry had been stolen, but)Tj
T*(later said it was not missing.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The statement also said that the Kleins were in debt, including $5,000 owed to)Tj
T*(the Internal Revenue Service and $7,000 to relatives. Their combined incomes)Tj
T*(were $41,000, from which $580 monthly was for car payments and $765 for rent on)Tj
T*(the townhouse, police said. They had taken out a renters. insurance policy less)Tj
T*(than three months before the incident, had broken their lease and made plans to)Tj
T*(move shortly before the vandalism.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In September 1991 the case came to trial. Eight prosecution witnesses testified.)Tj
T*(Frank Bell, property specialist for the USAA Property and Casualty Insurance)Tj
T*(Company, said that Klein had claimed compensation for a glass-topped dining room)Tj
T*(table. Bell testified that "a chunk" was broken from the table when he)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
249 0 obj
<>stream
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/F1 10 Tf
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12 TL
T*()Tj
T*(Swastika-painting vandals were suspected of setting fire to the basement of a)Tj
T*(downtown Denver restaurant 10 June 1990. The restaurant's Jewish owners were)Tj
T*(beside themselves with outrage at the ugly graffiti \("Hitler Reborn," "Die)Tj
T*(Jew."\). Lee Naldman, owner of the Egg Shell Restaurant, also noted that business)Tj
T*(was down 40%, according to the Rocky Mountain News: Denver police intelligence)Tj
T*(officers suspected skinhead involvement. Denver Mayor Frederico Pena ordered an)Tj
T*(investigation into recent racist acts in the city and the News carried several)Tj
T*(alarmist articles on growing racism and anti-Semitism. Lee Naldman said, "I)Tj
T*(think there's a lot more anti-Semitism in Denver than people realize." 58 City)Tj
T*(leaders responded with outrage, stepped up police activity and called for new)Tj
T*(anti-racist legislation. As the investigation proceeded, however, it became more)Tj
T*(and more apparent that skinheads were not involved in the event and the)Tj
T*(possibility of a hoax loomed on the horizon.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Denver police have heavily infiltrated local gangs and skinhead groups and had)Tj
T*(kept meticulous track of racist and anti-Semitic incidents in the a community.)Tj
T*(The News noted that most incidents were "committed by adolescents - perhaps)Tj
T*(bored and ignorant of the consequences of their acts - and not by organized hate)Tj
T*(groups...", a fact that is often ignored. A one-paragraph article finally noted)Tj
T*(that "Swastikas spraypainted on the walls of the restaurant may have been an)Tj
T*(effort to mislead." In a later article on "hate crime hoaxes," News reporter)Tj
T*(Kevin Flynn noted that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("After all the grandstanding and headlines, the spray painting of swastikas in)Tj
T*(the Egg Shell arson is now believed to have been a hoax, and not to have)Tj
T*(involved neo-Nazi skinheads at all. Investigators believe the swastikas were S)Tj
T*(meant to divert suspicion.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In one prominent case the suspected perpetrator of a hate crime hoax and)Tj
T*(insurance fraud was acquitted on the basis of insufficient evidence. Susan and)Tj
T*(Curtis Klein, a young Jewish couple, returned home to find .their Germantown,)Tj
T*(Maryland, townhouse vandalized. Swastikas were painted on the living room)Tj
T*(carpet, bedroom mirrors, walls and hallways. Most of their clothes were ripped)Tj
T*(and most of their furniture was either painted black, ripped, scratched or)Tj
T*(smashed. The deliberateness and effort required to commit the 22 March 1991)Tj
T*(vandalism was highly unusual in alleged hate crimes. Someone would have to have)Tj
T*(spent the better part of an hour attending to the detailed graffiti and)Tj
T*(vandalism. In the bedroom of their 8-year-old son, the words "Jew Boy" were)Tj
T*(sprayed on a mirror. According to Mr. Klein, "The officer said this is the worst)Tj
T*(case of vandalism he's ever seen in a private home." He added,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We grew up being taught about the holocaust and being K told, 'Never again,')Tj
T*(and here we are now.60I don't think we've gotten through the state of shock.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The apparent hate crime was committed just a day before Jeffrey Lee Eskew, a)Tj
T*(self-styled skinhead, was acquitted of breaking and entering, malicious)Tj
T*(destruction and religious vandalism at the an Orthodox Jewish boy's school in)Tj
T*(Montgomery County, Maryland.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The response to the anti-Semitic vandalism was overwhelming. Five hundred people)Tj
T*(volunteered to help Curtis and Susan Klein clean up their home. A raffle was)Tj
T*(organized to raise money for the Kleins. Area businesses donated food and soft)Tj
T*(drinks for the volunteers and a local hauling company offered to provide a truck)Tj
T*(to haul debris. Newspapers printed an address where donations could be sent to)Tj
T*(the Klein family.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police skepticism crystallized early in the investigation. Aside from the)Tj
T*(unusual time-consuming deliberateness of the attack, the most obvious clue was)Tj
T*(the issue of secondary gain. The Kleins became local heroes and symbols of the)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
246 0 obj
<>stream
BT
/F1 10 Tf
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12 TL
T*("Investigators discovered that, in a videotape of the fire, Hutter inadvertently)Tj
T*(was recorded talking about setting the fire. Hutter and another man involved in)Tj
T*(the taped conversation, Curtis Covey, didn't realize they were being recorded.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In April, 1992, Terry Hutter pleaded no contest to a charge of third degree)Tj
T*(arson. He was sentenced to eight years probation and mandatory psychiatric)Tj
T*(counseling.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A Chicago-area case of anti-Semitic vandalism in a West Rogers Park townhouse)Tj
T*(was originally thought by police to be a hate crime. On 5 February 1994,)Tj
T*(however, police had arrested Shazz Steele, 17, and his 14-year-old girlfriend.)Tj
T*(The two were charged with the vandalism and with burglarizing the same house.)Tj
T*(Belmont area Police Sgt. Rick Batrich said that the youth, who apparently knew)Tj
T*(the owner of the townhouse and that the two painted the graffiti to link the)Tj
T*(burglary with the other unsolved anti-Semitic incidents in the area. "They did)Tj
T*(this to throw some attention off themselves," he said.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(It was one of the worst anti-Semitic cemetery desecrations in recent memory. Los)Tj
T*(Angeles County sheriff's investigators initially believed that the June 1991)Tj
T*(incident at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles, one of the oldest Jewish)Tj
T*(cemeteries in the area, may have been a hate crime. According to news reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("More than 24 tombstones were knocked over and Nazi swastikas, Ku Klux Klan)Tj
T*('KKKs' and devil worship slogans were painted on some walls and tombs.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Within days the case was solved. The owner of C.D.T.A. Security, Roger Ricardo)Tj
T*(Sapien, 27, of Rosemead, wanted to obtain the security contract on the Jewish)Tj
T*(cemetery. According to authorities, Sapien, with the aid of two confederates,)Tj
T*(apparently committed the vandalism in order to discredit the firm currently)Tj
T*(providing security there.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Information on the case took detectives to Sapien's home, where they found the)Tj
T*(guard dogs recently stolen from the cemetery. The three were booked for)Tj
T*(investigation of vandalism of a religious cemetery, a felony, and Sapien was)Tj
T*(charged with theft of the dogs.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Cooper City, Florida, Jerome and Jamie Brown Roedel, a Jewish couple,)Tj
T*(returned home to find their home trashed and burglarized. The April 1993 as)Tj
T*(incident included anti-Semitic graffiti in the form of swastikas painted on the)Tj
T*(walls. News reports indicated that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Outraged community leaders, police and residents moved C quickly to stem what)Tj
T*(they thought was the start of a trend in hate crimes. within two weeks, an)Tj
T*(interfaith council to promote unity among ethnic and religious groups was)Tj
T*(organized." 55)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A detailed eight-month joint investigation with the Cooper City Police, the FBI)Tj
T*(and the Florida state Department of Insurance Fraud was conducted.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to Police Detective Bobby Cates:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("In the weeks prior to the burglary, Jamie Roedel purchased several expensive)Tj
T*(items...She then conspired with several people to stage the burglary and)Tj
T*(vandalism. She also filed a claim with Allstate, her insurer, for $47,000 in)Tj
T*(losses and damages.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The insurance company paid Roedel $30,000. After she collected the money, Jamie)Tj
T*(Roedel left her husband and began living an expensive lifestyle with a)Tj
T*(boyfriend. In December 1993 she was charged with fraud and grand theft. She was)Tj
T*(freed on $2,000 bail. Her estranged husband was not charged in the case.)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*()Tj
T*(The Anti-Defamation League, which had basked in the publicity against)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism and hate crimes brought by Kobrin's fabrications, was caught)Tj
T*(holding the bag. Richard Hirschaut, executive director of the ADL's Central)Tj
T*(Pacific Regional Office, who had several contacts with Kobrin, spoke of the)Tj
T*(developments in a "shocked and shaken voice." He said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The tragedy of Nathan Kobrin in no way discounts or diminishes the reality of)Tj
T*(increased anti-Semitism and the increase throughout society in hate crimes.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The false charges against Sanjanie were subsequently dropped. Kobrin s was)Tj
T*(ordered to appear for arraignment 31 January 1992 in Contra Costa Superior)Tj
T*(Court. He was charged with one count of perjury, two counts of arson,and six)Tj
T*(counts of preparing false documentary evidence. All are felonies. In addition,)Tj
T*(he as charged with nine misdemeanor counts of making false police reports.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Kobrin was convicted in June, 1992. Deputy District Attorney Terri Barker said)Tj
T*(he should receive the maximum sentence for committing hate crimes, eight years)Tj
T*(in state prison. She commented,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I argued that these were hate crimes and they were done out of a motive against)Tj
T*(Mr. Sanjanie because of his race. It was sophisticated, because there was a lot)Tj
T*(of planning involved. It was a hideous misuse of the system and of emergency)Tj
T*(personnel.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In July he was sentenced to one year in the county jail, in spite of pleas from)Tj
T*(his attorney that his sentence be suspended. Nancy Diner, an ADL official who)Tj
T*(attended the sentencing, said that Kobrin's hoax "will not change the way it)Tj
T*(investigates anti-Semitic crimes.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In February I994, a Jewish student at the Kansas City area Leawood Middle School)Tj
T*(was apprehended after he distributed anonymous anti-Semitic notes, apparently)Tj
T*(only to other Jewish students. According to media sources)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("the perpetrator was identified...and is thought to be responsible for placing)Tj
T*(anonymous notes with pencil-drawn swastikas and phrases such as 'go home, Jew')Tj
T*(an the books and lockers of six students over two weeks.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The incident caused a major furor among parents of students at the school, and)Tj
T*(some threatened to use the legal system to force release of the student's name.)Tj
T*(Leawood Police Chief Stephen Cox criticized members of the community and the)Tj
T*(media for creating a "feeding frenzy" over the incident. He said:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The child is already in intensive counseling, and so are the parents...Because)Tj
T*(they are responding appropriately, I see no need whatsoever for any further)Tj
T*(involvement or sanctions through either the criminal justice system or the)Tj
T*(school system.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("What is very harmful now is the continued turmoil at the school, children)Tj
T*(accusing each other, divisive efforts to identify the child. I would urge these)Tj
T*(people to carefully consider their own motives before taking such action.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One of the stranger cases of faked anti-Semitic violence was staged in I991 by a)Tj
T*(former volunteer firefighter in Sugarloaf Mountain, Colorado, who said he was)Tj
T*(mistaken as a Jew. Terry Hutter had claimed that a mysterious fire set at his)Tj
T*(home was one of several alleged hate crimes committed against him since 1984 by)Tj
T*(people who wrongly believed he was Jewish. The fire was contained before the)Tj
T*(home was destroyed but another fire completed the destruction a month later. The)Tj
T*(Boulder, Colorado, Daily Camera reported)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(lawn. He retaliated by pouring gasoline in the form of a 20 by 20-foot swastika)Tj
T*(on Jacobson's lawn and lighting it. Kahn, who worked as a guard at Kennedy)Tj
T*(Airport, was later convicted of fourth-degree criminal mischief4 placed on three)Tj
T*(years probation and ordered to pay $650 in restitution. 1)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("How many hate crimes can one bear? That's what Nathan Kobrin hag been asking)Tj
T*(himself all summer in 1991. And there seems no end in sight." Kobrin, a Jewish)Tj
T*(man from Concord, California, claimed to have been the victim of anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(telephone calls, letters, arson and verbal threats on 20 separate occasions)Tj
T*(between May 17 and Labor Day 1991 -- all threatening -his life.' Moreover, he)Tj
T*(claimed that the ordeal has damaged his health. On August 6, when an)Tj
T*(unidentified woman told him he would die, he stopped eating. According to)Tj
T*(Kobrin, "My nerves were shot, and my stress level was very high." On August 8,)Tj
T*(Kobrin became almost totally paralyzed. He was taken to a hospital and released)Tj
T*(the same day.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, after an article in the Northern California Jewish Bulletin appeared)Tj
T*(detailing his courageous battle with anti-Semitism, followed by another)Tj
T*(sympathetic account in the August 17 Contra Costa Times, his spirits lightened.)Tj
T*(He received some 50 calls of support. According to Kobrin,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("People were telling me that they weren't Jewish but that they knew what I was)Tj
T*(going through.i All kinds of people called. Hispanics were calling, blacks, the)Tj
T*(whole ethnic tossed salad. It was amazing.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The harassment of Kobrin began on May 17th, when Halim Abdul Sanjanie, a Muslim)Tj
T*(who lived in the same apartment building, allegedly threatened Kobrin because he)Tj
T*(was Jewish. Sanjanie was arrested. He was jailed a second time July 12, when he)Tj
T*(resisted Concord Police who were serving a restraining order on Kobrin's behalf.)Tj
T*(Over the next several weeks Kobrin claimed to have received numerous telephone)Tj
T*(death threats and awakened twice to find his backyard fence on fire. On August)Tj
T*(16, Kobrin received a letter that read, "Drop charges or I kill you, Jew boy.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Sanjanie, 28, who was originally charged with resisting arrest and hitting a)Tj
T*(police officer, found himself also charged with making terroristic threats and)Tj
T*(interfering with Kobrin's civil rights. He faced several years in prison.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Having acquired status as a heroic victim of bigotry and prejudice, Kobrin)Tj
T*(became widely known in the San Francisco Bay area. His case was used as an)Tj
T*(illustration of the hatred toward Jews that lurks about in our society. However,)Tj
T*(on 12 September 1991, Bay Area residents were presented with a different story.)Tj
T*(The Oakland Tribune reported,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A Concord man who claims he has been the victim of 22 anti-Semitic attacks)Tj
T*(since May told investigators yesterday that he fabricated 10 of the alleged)Tj
T*(incidents, police said. Nathan Kobrin, 36, said he was the victim of terroristic)Tj
T*(phone calls, hate letters and two arson fires that were set in his patio. He)Tj
T*(blamed most of the attacks on his former neighbor, 28-year-old Halim Abdul)Tj
T*(Sanjanie.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Yesterday Kobrin admitted to investigators that he ignited* the two fires in)Tj
T*(his patio, left two terroristic messages on his answering machine, and wrote)Tj
T*(six hate letters to himself, Concord police said.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Concord Detective Stuart Roloson discovered Kobrin's fabrications the night of)Tj
T*(September 9, after Kobrin claimed to have received a threatening, anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(note \(one of six he had admitted to falsifying\), and that he ha chased an)Tj
T*(assailant through a parking lot. Detective Roloson, who had been watching the)Tj
T*(apartment all night, hadn't seen any of the alleged events. Roloson also)Tj
T*(previously suspected that Kobrin was lying about some of the incidents.)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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12 TL
T*(senior rabbi, Francis Barry Silberg, said that Cody was obviously "willing to)Tj
T*(sacrifice himself for his faith and his duty and the integrity of the)Tj
T*(synagogue.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Alert police detectives suspected a hoax from the beginning. Milwaukee Police)Tj
T*(Lt. William Vogel said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I can't justify it with the investigative results as they have been presented)Tj
T*(to us. when you're talking about something involving a radical group, they don't)Tj
T*(operate in this manner.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This skepticism prompted the Milwaukee Journal to editorialize that, "...the)Tj
T*(police uncertainly seemingly demeaned the episode's seriousness...", which)Tj
T*("could be interpreted...as reflecting police insensitivity.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In July 1985 the Jewish Community Center in Milwaukee had been defaced with nine)Tj
T*(red, spraypainted swastikas. A year before that, in June 1984, the Congregation)Tj
T*(Beth El Ner Tamid in nearby Mequon was defaced with several red, spraypainted)Tj
T*(swastikas.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The incident was followed by anonymous telephone calls in the area, one of which)Tj
T*(said that, "...the defense league is at war with the Jewish community." On 19)Tj
T*(December 1985, Cody's apartment was allegedly vandalized. The walls were covered)Tj
T*(with anti-Semitic symbols, again in red spray paint, including a large swastika)Tj
T*(and the letters "PDL." Police could find no forced entry. Rabbi Silberg said,)Tj
T*("The victim has been re-victimized." An investigation has turned up no such as)Tj
T*(organization as the "Palestine Defense League" or "P.D.L.".)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On 15 May 1986 Cody was charged with two counts of obstructing an officer in)Tj
T*(connection with reports he had made to police about receiving threatening)Tj
T*(telephone calls, which police had determined were not true. A tracer installed)Tj
T*(by the phone company had shown that at least two of the calls were placed from)Tj
T*(Cody's private line.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Later that same day, possibly fearing discovery and disgrace, Buzz Cody)Tj
T*(tragically committed suicide. Police Captain Ronald Mehl, referring to the)Tj
T*(alleged December 1985 attack on Cody said, "There has been no shred of evidence)Tj
T*(to support the allegation." No further "PDL" incidents followed Cody's death.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Sixteen months after arson destroyed Woodside Synagogue in Silver Spring, MD, no)Tj
T*(arrests had yet been made. At the time of the 8 April 1986 fire, community)Tj
T*(leaders rallied to the aid of the orthodox Jewish congregation and supported a)Tj
T*(wave of demands that urgent action be taken to stem anti-Semitism and hate)Tj
T*(crimes.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Lt. Carvel Harding, a Montgomery County fire investigator, thinks he knows the)Tj
T*(culprit's identity, although he lacks "sufficient probable cause" to arrest the)Tj
T*(subject. Harding told Washington Jewish week that, "We feel we know the motive,)Tj
T*(but if we tell you, you'll know who the person is." "This is very touchy," he)Tj
T*(said. Harding also said that the arson was not "an act against people of the)Tj
T*(Jewish faith." Synagogue sources said one member who has since left the area was)Tj
T*(brought in for questioning and is still a suspect.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Dr. Sheldon Jacobson, a Jewish dentist, discovered a fire in the form of a large)Tj
T*(swastika burning on his lawn at his Hewlett Neck, New York, home in August 1979.)Tj
T*(It was thought that the incident was another in a series of racial offenses that)Tj
T*(had allegedly occurred in the area in the last several weeks.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A few days later police had their culprit. He was Douglas Kahn, a Jewish)Tj
T*(teen-ager who had been angered because Jacobson's dog had defecated on his front)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(Later, two Jewish teenagers tried to collect the reward by turning in someone)Tj
T*(else and were arrested. The two youths, aged 14 and 15, were charged as)Tj
T*(juveniles with conspiracy, criminal mischief and falsely reporting a police)Tj
T*(incident. They are also suspected of other racist and anti-Semitic incidents)Tj
T*(dating back over a several month period, all of which had been attributed to)Tj
T*("racists." As usual, the crimes received far more attention than the revelations)Tj
T*(of fraud.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On July 15, 1987, a Rockville, Maryland Jewish woman and her Roman Catholic)Tj
T*(husband awoke at 4:45 AM to find a fire in the shape of a swastika burning on)Tj
T*(their lawn. Neo-Nazis, skinheads and Ku Klux Klansmen were widely speculated as)Tj
T*(the perpetrators responsible for the outrage.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Elyse Rothschild of the Montgomery County Human Rights Commission spoke of the)Tj
T*(fire as an "act of terror" and said that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...there has to be an outcry from everybody in the country that we will not)Tj
T*(tolerate that type of behavior; it is to-. tally not acceptable.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Lt. Carvel Harding, the Montgomery County fire marshall, reported that the)Tj
T*(perpetrator came forward and confessed at the urging of his father. Gary L.)Tj
T*(Stein, a 19-year-old Jewish man, confessed to the crime and implicated a)Tj
T*(long-time friend, John F. Finnegan, as the actual perpetrator. According to)Tj
T*(Harding, Stein claimed that "his buddy did it.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In July of 1989 the Asbury Park Press \(NJ\) reported that two unnamed Jewish)Tj
T*(teenagers had been arrested on the morning of July 15 for throwing firecrackers)Tj
T*(at passing cars. The two youths were apprehended after a chase. A subsequent)Tj
T*(investigation quickly linked them to an incident in which swastikas and)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic remarks were painted on a home and a car, according to Marlboro)Tj
T*(Township police. The two were charged with seven counts of criminal mischief,)Tj
T*(four counts of burglary and two counts of theft. Mark Grainer, president of)Tj
T*(Temple Rodelph Torah of Western Monmouth, remarked)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("There is enough anti-Semitism from non-Jews. I would hope people brought up in)Tj
T*(a Jewish home would protect the religion. Something obviously went wrong...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Had the swastika painting and anti-Semitic graffiti been the act of non-Jews,)Tj
T*(the incident would certainly been prosecuted as a "hate crime.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This was not done, however. According to Detective Sgt. Robert Holmes, "It's)Tj
T*(tough to prove their actions are anti-Semitic if they are both Jewish." The)Tj
T*(Asbury Park Press quoted unnamed "community leaders and scholars familiar with)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism" to the effect that the teenagers "probably acted out of personal)Tj
T*(reasons rather than religious hatred.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Jackson Toby, director of the Institute for Criminological Research at Rutgers)Tj
T*(University, noted that the incidents might have been motivated by an attempt to)Tj
T*("arouse" and "blow the minds" of the local Jewish community. He added, "if you)Tj
T*(want to get people excited, start talking about prejudice and racism.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Three men allegedly entered a Milwaukee synagogue and poured a caustic substance)Tj
T*(on Buzz Cody, the sexton. The December 1985 incident recurred just a few hours)Tj
T*(before the start of Hanakuh, a major Jewish holiday. g Cody, a former Roman)Tj
T*(Catholic who had converted to Judaism twelve years previous, said that one of)Tj
T*(the men demanded that he unlock the sanctuary's Ark, where four of the)Tj
T*(synagogue's eleven main Torahs are kept. He said the men demanded, "Open it up.)Tj
T*(We want your Holy Koran", and referred to a group with the initials "P.D.L,")Tj
T*(possibly referring to a "Palestinian Defense League." Cody described the men as)Tj
T*(being dark-complexioned and speaking with Middle East accents. The synagogue's)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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<>stream
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12 TL
T*(where the fires occurred. The Hartford Courant reported that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Six homes were watched 24 hours a day and about a dozen suspects were given lie)Tj
T*(detector tests. At least 15 officers were assigned to door-to-door interviews.)Tj
T*(More than 300 people eventually were questioned about the fires.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Following his arrest on four counts of second-degree arson, each of which)Tj
T*(carries a maximum 20-year sentence, a motion was made to try Schuss as a)Tj
T*(youthful offender, even though he had planned to set at least four additional)Tj
T*(fires before he was apprehended.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On February 27, 1984, Hartford Superior Court Judge John D. Brennan gave Barry)Tj
T*(Dov Schuss a suspended sentence and placed him on five years probation. In a)Tj
T*(statement to the court, Schuss said that a "possible" reason for setting the)Tj
T*(synagogue fires was to to "show vulnerability of the police or the synagogue" to)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic violence.".)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Even the rich and famous are not immune to anti-Semitic hoaxes. No less of a)Tj
T*(personage than Morton Downey, Jr., was caught in such a fabrication in May,)Tj
T*(1989. Downey claimed that he had been accosted by either one, two or three)Tj
T*("neo-Nazi skinheads" in the men's restroom at the San Francisco Airport. They)Tj
T*(then "pinned him against a toilet stall, drew a swastika on his face and cut a)Tj
T*(small swatch from his scalp." According to Downey, they then gave the Nazi "Sieg)Tj
T*(Heil" salute and left. Newsweek reported:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Airport police weren't buying it. Officers on the scene said Downey only had a)Tj
T*(couple of lines on his face -- not the full swastika he displayed to the press)Tj
T*(-- and none of the dozen or so people near the bathroom saw anything. Said an)Tj
T*(airport sergeant, 'Draw your own conclusions.'")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Downey later admitted that the incident "was publicity and it was prearranged.")Tj
T*(One of Downey's former producers at NNOR-TV in San Francisco said, "Morton knew)Tj
T*(his show was in trouble and he was trying to make a splash in the San Francisco)Tj
T*(market.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Swastikas, while regarded as specific to anti-Semitism, have become a universal)Tj
T*(symbol of racism and ethnic bigotry. In San Francisco, two nonJewish minority)Tj
T*(fire inspectors reported finding a "wooden plaque with a swastika painted on it")Tj
T*(in their office in January, 1988. A San Francisco Chronicle account reported,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Their discovery was deemed a striking instance of racial T harassment in the)Tj
T*(troubled department and led to the resignation of Fire Chief Edward Phipps.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The incident was troubling in other respects as well. Fire Captain Michael)Tj
T*(McKinley found "certain contradictions and inaccuracies" in statements given by)Tj
T*(fire inspectors Nalter Batiste and David Sun. He asked them to submit to a)Tj
T*(polygraph machine. He said that "key witnesses" who disputed their statements)Tj
T*(have passed lie-detector tests.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Batiste and Sun were granted disability leave "for stress" since they allegedly)Tj
T*(found the plaque. Captain mckinley said they had been sent Registered letters)Tj
T*(asking them to come back for more questioning, but neither replied. The men)Tj
T*(sought the assistance of private attorneys in the matter, and the case dropped)Tj
T*(from public view.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In New York City, residents of Co-Op City, a massive housing cooperative in the)Tj
T*(Bronx, found anti-Semitic graffiti and swastikas daubed on 51 apartment doors)Tj
T*(and walls in March 1984. The incident received wide publicity, A including)Tj
T*(comparisons with Nazi Germany. A $3,500 reward was offered for the perpetrators.)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(An investigation revealed that the man posing as James Guttman may have been)Tj
T*(using a stolen identification card. Philadelphia police said that Mordechai)Tj
T*(Levy, associated with the Jewish Defense League, had once been arrested in New)Tj
T*(York City using information from this same stolen card.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In August 1983, a series of fires in West Hartford, Connecticut, terrorized the)Tj
T*(Jewish community and evoked media comparisons with the "Night Of Broken Glass")Tj
T*(when Nazis terrorized Jews in pre-World Nar II Germany. Fires were set at Young)Tj
T*(Israel Synagogue, the Emmanuel Synagogue, and the home of Rabbi Soloman)Tj
T*(Krupka. In September, the home of Connecticut State Representative Joan Kemler,)Tj
T*(who is Jewish, was set on fire. Kemler had spoken out against the unknown)Tj
T*(perpetrator of the three previous fires.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police involvement in the matter was intense. Nationwide media attention focused)Tj
T*(on the incident, which had launched several legislative proposals to curb)Tj
T*("bigotry and violence." police Chief Francis Reynolds doubled patrols in the)Tj
T*(predominantly Jewish section of town. West Hartford Mayor Charles R. Matties)Tj
T*(announced a $50,000 reward. Indeed, police staked out 15 entire square blocks of)Tj
T*(West Hartford, hoping to charge someone with arson. An article by Barbara)Tj
T*(Sullivan in the Chicago Tribune was typical of the coverage. She quoted an)Tj
T*("elderly, white-haired woman" who sobbed, "I had relatives in the Holocaust; I)Tj
T*(never thought I'd see this happen again." Scott Feigelstein of the Connecticut)Tj
T*(Regional Office of the Anti-Defamation League is quoted as saying)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We have to be realistic because of our history, we have to Stake utmost)Tj
T*(caution...Perhaps good has come out of all this, because it's drawn people)Tj
T*(together, but how sad it's come g from something too horrible.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Jewish Defense League announced they would have armed patrols operating in)Tj
T*(West Hartford. The Hartford Courant published an apology for their "insensitive")Tj
T*(coverage of this and another incident, in which an anti-Semitic note was found)Tj
T*(on the doorstep of a West Hartford home. The paper editorial)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The Courant, for its part, must continue to walk that delicate line between)Tj
T*(informing the public and not playing into the arsonist's hand...The paper must)Tj
T*(be careful not to inflame an already touchy situation.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An early suspect in the case was Barry Dov Schuss, a 17-year old Jewish student.)Tj
T*(An FBI psychological profile of the arsonist clearly pointed to Schuss, as did)Tj
T*(several other indicators.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Finally, on December 14th, newspapers reported that Schuss had confessed to all)Tj
T*(four arsons. In fact, Schuss had confessed to his rabbi, Solomon Krupka, several)Tj
T*(days before his family or the police were notified. Krupka claimed that the)Tj
T*(relationship between a clergyman and a congregant is privileged. "Krupka)Tj
T*(disavowed any responsibility for not notifying the police, which would have)Tj
T*(saved taxpayers thousands of dollars and calmed tense nerves.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Damage control in this case was a masterpiece. Jack Schuss, the boy's father,)Tj
T*(said that "He has had some problems in the past and has been receiving treatment)Tj
T*(from time to time." An editorial in the Hartford Courant spoke of "a troubled)Tj
T*(and alienated 17-year old." The editorial quoted Rabbi Krupka,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It's time not to be judgmental, but to feel...The feeling now is how would we)Tj
T*(as a family react...We have to be very sympathetic to his family.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(It was revealed that until Schuss confessed to his crimes they did not have)Tj
T*(enough evidence to arrest him, even though several times circumstances pointed)Tj
T*(directly to him. In fact, Schuss was a suspect virtually from the beginning. At)Tj
T*(one point during the investigation, police kept 33 officers in the neighborhood)Tj
ET
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T*(and the hidden camera recorded Ms. Recht writing the racist and antiSemitic)Tj
T*(threat on the wall next to her own apartment.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Recht admitted in court to lying to FBI agents. She faced a potential sentence)Tj
T*(of 5 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Instead she received 5 years)Tj
T*(probation, no jail time, no fine.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A November 24, 1985 Associated Press dispatch from New York City reported,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Vandals threw rocks through windows of eight Jewish-owned shops... Mayor Edward)Tj
T*(Koch said the city would offer $10,000 reward...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Jewish Community Relations Council offered a $5,000 reward as well. The)Tj
T*(windows were broken in the predominantly Orthodox Jewish areas of Boro Park and)Tj
T*(Flatbush in Brooklyn. Two weeks Tater, windows in another seven stores were)Tj
T*(broken in the enclave of 100,000 orthodox Jews and 300 synagogues.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Newspapers around the nation reacted with shock and outrage and compared the)Tj
T*(incident to Kristallnacht, when Nazis terrorized Jews in pre-World War II)Tj
T*(Germany, even though no swastikas or anti-Semitic graffiti were found on the)Tj
T*(buildings. Pressure from the Jewish Community brought increased police patrols)Tj
T*(and calls for greater vigilance against anti-Semitism, although no anti-Semitism)Tj
T*(had been proven. Nine of the twelve detectives in the police department's "bias")Tj
T*(unit had been assigned to the case. Within two weeks Mordechai Levy, leader of)Tj
T*(the Jewish Defense Organization, a militant Zionist group with a reputation gar)Tj
T*(terrorism, announced that his followers were organizing night patrols.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, on December 9, the mystery was solved. According to press reports:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A 38-year-old Jewish man with a history of psychological problems was arrested)Tj
T*(in connection with the smashing of as windows of Jewish-owned shops in the)Tj
T*(Borough Park and Flatbush sections of Brooklyn.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police had arrested Gary Dworkin, who lived nearby -- on 43rd St in, Brooklyn.)Tj
T*(He was subsequently charged with 13 counts of criminal mischief, some of which)Tj
T*(were felonies, including one count of discrimination. Media accounts emphasized)Tj
T*(his "emotional instability," implying that that was the reason for his behavior.)Tj
T*(Brooklyn District Attorney Elizabeth Holtzman issued statement that his)Tj
T*(vandalism was directed at Israelis and Hasidic Jews.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In February 1979 one "Michael James Guttman" applied for a permit to hold a)Tj
T*(neo-Nazi rally in the shadow of Philadelphia's Independence Hall. Guttman)Tj
T*(claimed the National Socialist White People's Party would provide its own)Tj
T*(protection if police didn't.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The application, reported in the Philadelphia Daily News, created a enormous)Tj
T*(stir in the city’s Jewish community, one of the largest in the nation. According)Tj
T*(to the News, the application stated that signs reading "Hitler Was Right" and)Tj
T*("Gas Commie Jews" would be shown, and that the avowed purpose of the rally was)Tj
T*(to "show the world niggers and Jews are cowards.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The News also reported that "The Jewish Defense League had announced last week)Tj
T*(that it would meet force with force." Two days later the Park Service rescinded)Tj
T*(the permit.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("According to the terms of an agreement reached with attorneys representing)Tj
T*(survivors of the Holocaust who had challenged the permit in a Federal court)Tj
T*(hearing here, the permit was withdrawn when the man who received it, identified)Tj
T*(as James Guttman, could not be found to testify today.")Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(The number of publicized hoaxes, such as those documented in this report, is)Tj
T*(undoubtably only a small fraction of those that actually occur.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(C A S E S)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Anti Defamation League itself may have been party to a significant)Tj
T*(misrepresentation on the cover of a 1985 issue of the ADL bulletin where a cover)Tj
T*(photograph designated "Desecration of a Jewish home in Kings Point, NY" was)Tj
T*(clearly a fake. The swastika depicted does not follow the contours of the)Tj
T*(paneled door and appears to stand out and away from it. It was painted onto a)Tj
T*(photo or a transparency and then rephotographed. The issue of the bulletin also)Tj
T*(featured a major article entitled, "Anti-Semitic vandalism: 2-Year Trend)Tj
T*(Reversed.". The article noted that California, with a population of 23,000,000)Tj
T*(had experienced 99 incidents in 1984, or one incident per 230,000 citizens.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In February 1994, the ADL was involved in a major hoax controversy when Donald)Tj
T*(Mintz, a member of the ADL's National Commission and candidate for. Mayor of New)Tj
T*(0rteans, was accused of creating and distributing openly racist and anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(fliers in order to create sympathy for his candidacy and raise funds for the)Tj
T*(election. The New York Times reported that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A main Mintz advisor has been charged with a misdemeanor count accusing him of)Tj
T*(trying to distribute some of the fliers...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An investigation by the \(New Orleans\) Human Relations Commission issued a)Tj
T*(preliminary report concluding that at least two of the fliers 'originated in the)Tj
T*(Mintz campaign.')Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Mintz "vigorously denied" that he or anyone in his campaign was responsible for)Tj
T*(the fliers. He conceded, however, that his campaign had mailed thousands of the)Tj
T*(fliers to Jews throughout the nation in a fund-raising effort. Bob Tucker,)Tj
T*(campaign manager for Mintz's opponent, Ernest Moria], said "Mr. Mintz)Tj
T*(self-inflicted a racial wound where there was none, and he did it to raise funds)Tj
T*(nationally."3 Mintz subsequently lost the election)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Laurie A. Recht, 35, a legal secretary, vigorously supported court-ordered)Tj
T*(desegregation in Yonkers, New York, at a City council meeting in January 1988.)Tj
T*(She was heckled and booed by many of the 800 people attending the meeting. A few)Tj
T*(days Tater Recht, who is Jewish, began reporting death threats. As a consequence)Tj
T*(of wide media coverage of her alleged victimization, Recht became a media)Tj
T*(heroine for her courage and determination in the face of racist attacks.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In May 1988 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree by the)Tj
T*(College of New Rochette in recognition of her victimization. She told friends)Tj
T*(that she had received encouragement and support from all over and had even been)Tj
T*(offered a scholarship to attend Law School at Touro College. Ms. Recht became a)Tj
T*(very important Lady.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Anti-Defamation League had been in the forefront in support of Ms. Recht. In)Tj
T*(November 1988 she once again reported a death threat on the telephone, and)Tj
T*(claimed to have found racist and anti-Semitic graffiti near her apartment door.)Tj
T*(It read)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Nigger Lover, Jew / We haven't Forgot you / We will show the world our cause)Tj
T*(with your corpse / a bullet waits for you.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Unbeknown to Ms. Recht the F.B.I. had installed a TV camera outside her)Tj
T*(apartment and attached security equipment to her telephone line to catch the)Tj
T*(perpetrators. The equipment showed that no threatening calls had been received,)Tj
ET
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T*(97 Art Brisbane, "Racism Destroys A Scheme." Kansas City Star \(16 March 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(98 Dauner, Op Cit. \(24 September 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(99 Brisbane, Op cit. \(16 March 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(100 John T. Dauner, "Store Owner, Ex-Firefighter Sentenced" Kansas City Star \(18)Tj
T*(June 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 6)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Jews)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There can be no question that faked anti-Semitic hate crimes are a cause for)Tj
T*(grief and consternation in the Jewish community. Jewish concern with persecution)Tj
T*(is justifiable. Deep-rooted Jewish sensitivity to anti-Semitism makes hoaxes)Tj
T*(committed by Jews particularly shocking.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(These hoaxes are almost always the product of individuals seeking to achieve a)Tj
T*(sense of importance through victimhood, to advance a particular agenda, to seek)Tj
T*(monetary advantages through insurance claims or damage settlements, or perhaps)Tj
T*(more commonly, juveniles engaged in pranks.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One issue that needs to be addressed is whether or not there's an organized)Tj
T*(campaign to commit racist and anti-Semitic hoaxes. For years rumors have)Tj
T*(circulated that a particular organization has been engaged in this activity.)Tj
T*(Right-wingers are particularly fond of this notion in that it tends to confirm)Tj
T*(their conspiracy theories about the group.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(It's important to avoid paranoid thinking on this issue, and to reject the kind)Tj
T*(of reasoning that suggests that every disturbing event must have a i"plot" of)Tj
T*(some kind behind it, and a series of such events must, therefore, be the product)Tj
T*(of a planned conspiracy. .Extremists on both sides of this issue tend to think)Tj
T*(in these terms with predictably unfortunate results. I found no credible)Tj
T*(evidence of a bona fide conspiracy or organized campaign to commit anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(hoaxes. The best evidence is that these hoax incidents are unconnected and the)Tj
T*(product of individuals and not of organizations.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(I don't think a conspiracy is required to explain a pattern of antiSemitic)Tj
T*(hoaxes. In addition to the psychological pleasures of victimhood, the advantages)Tj
T*(of anti-Semitic incidents to Jewish activists are obvious, so much so that it)Tj
T*(would reasonably occur to potential hoaxers upon simple reflection, with no)Tj
T*(communication among them. "Who benefits" from mindless acts of anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(graffiti and vandalism is there for all to see, and it is most assuredly not)Tj
T*(anti-Semites.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Some hoaxes have involved "plots," in a manner of speaking, and several of them)Tj
T*(have involved recognizable "conspiracies" to commit the particular hoax, but)Tj
T*(linkage with other hoaxes is very unlikely, except in the limited psychological)Tj
T*(sense of the "copy-cat" phenomenon. This "copy-cat" effect is important,)Tj
T*(however, because it can account for not only bona fide racial and anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(incidents, but for additional hoaxes as well.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On the other hand, there is some evidence of a deliberate effort to cover up or)Tj
T*(minimize incidents that prove to be hoaxes, usually to avoid "giving)Tj
T*(anti-Semites ammunition," in the words of one journalist. I have encountered)Tj
T*(several cases where the news coverage of an incident was explicitly minimized)Tj
T*(once it was discovered to be a hoax. This, of course, is what is known as "spin)Tj
T*(control" and some anti-racist and "human rights" groups are pretty good at it.)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(76 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(77 Sheila McLaughlin, "Police: Man May Have Set Self Afire," Cincinnati Inquirer)Tj
T*(\(23 September 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(78 Sheila McLaughlin, "NAACP Wants Probe of Torching," Cincinnati Inquirer \(24)Tj
T*(September 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(79 Sheila McLaughlin, "Questions Put Shadow Over Story, Cincinnati Inquirer \(25)Tj
T*(September 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(80 Sandra Gonzales, "Bathroom Beating Trial Begins," San Jose Mercury News)Tj
T*(\(26 October 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8l Rodney Foo, "10 South S. J. Boys Charged With Hate Crime Assault," San Jose)Tj
T*(Mercury News \(3 June 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(82 Sandra Gonzales, "Hate-Crime Trial To Open For 4 Boys," San Jose Mercury News)Tj
T*(\(25 October 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(83 Sandra Gonzales, "Beating Charges May Be Dropped," San Jose Mercury News \(25)Tj
T*(September 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(84 Sandra Gonzales, "2nd Boy: Beating Was Hoax, Witnesses Z Contradict Black)Tj
T*(Youth's Claim," San Jose Mercury News \(28 October 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(85 John Kass, "Black Changes Story of Attack by Whites, Chicago Tribune \(22 May)Tj
T*(1985\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(86Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(87 Ronald Smothers, "Confession in '63 Bombing of Church is Called a Fake," New)Tj
T*(York Times \(20 October 1988\))Tj
T*()Tj
T*(88 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(89 "Black Georgia Couple Accused of Faking Racist Attack, United Press)Tj
T*(International \(30 March 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(90 Gary Hendricks, "Fayette Man Guilty In Fire At His Home," Atlanta)Tj
T*(Journal - Atlanta Constitution \(6 December 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(91 John C. Ensslin and Ann Carnahan, "Swastikas Prompt Probe by FBI," Rocky)Tj
T*(Mountain News \(7 December 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(92 J. R. Moehringer, "Arvada Home Burned, Burglarized Two Weeks After Swastika)Tj
T*(Incident." .Rocky Mountain News \(14 December 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(93 Mark Brown, "Generosity Deluges Family Whose Home Was g Torched." ROCK!)Tj
T*(Mountain News \(15 December 1990\). 3)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(94 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(95 Tillie Fong, "Man Gets 10 Years in Fake Hate Crime." Rocky Mountain News \(29)Tj
T*(May 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(96 John T. Dauner, "Federal Grand Jury Indicts Owner of Store, 2 Others in Arson)Tj
T*(Scheme." Kansas City Star \(24 September 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(55 William Brand, Paul Grabowicz and Harry Harris, "Berkeley Cops Say Beating)Tj
T*(Fabricated To Cover Up Murder." The Oakland Tribune \(21 May 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(56 Jerry Urban, "Boycott Leader Gets Hate Letter." Houston Chronicle \(9 January)Tj
T*(1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(57 "Apology Made For Hate Letter, But Another Threat Is Received." Houston)Tj
T*(Chronicle \(15 January 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(58 Associated Press, "Publisher's Death Suicide, Police Say," Vancouver Sun \(12)Tj
T*(August 1992\): Wire service reports, "Publisher's Death Ruled Suicide \(12 August)Tj
T*(1992\): "KKK Not Suspected In Apparent Suicide," \(22 July 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(59 Wire Service Reports, Op Cit.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(60 Dwight C. Daniels, "Police Say Han Fabricated Tale Of Racial Attack," San)Tj
T*(Diego Union-Tribune \(20 February 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(61 Mary W. Tabor, "Man Reports Bias Attack, But The Police Express Doubts." New)Tj
T*(York Times \(18 January 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(62 Lee A. Daniels, "Staten Island Han Arrested In Apparent Bias Hoax. New York)Tj
T*(Times \(14 October 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(63 "Man Who Made Racism Claim Charged With Faking Report," Newspaper clipping,)Tj
T*(source unknown \(May 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(64 Abby Cohn, "Assault With Acid Story Called Hoax," St. Louis Post:Dispatch,)Tj
T*(n.d. \(1986\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(65 Steve Porter, "Vandal Scrawls Racist Message On House," Olathe Daily News \(6)Tj
T*(February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(66 Steve Porter, "Family Targeted by Racial Threats Leaving Spring Hill." Olathe)Tj
T*(Daily News \(10 February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(67 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(68 Kady Hoflaster, "Woman Who Reported Racial Slur Charged With Lying to Police.")Tj
T*(Kansas City Star \(9 March 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(69 Ben Stocking, "Racial Slur Was a Sympathy Ploy on Part of Candidate," Police)Tj
T*(Say." News Q Observer \(14 August 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(70 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(71 "Candidate Stays In Race Despite Arrest," Burlington, N. CL Times#News \(15)Tj
T*(August 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(72 Ellis E. Conklin, "Supremacists Allegedly Planned To Murder Men," Seattle)Tj
T*(Post-Intelligencer \(18 February 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(73 Paul Shukovsky, "No Evidence Of Aryan Death Plot." Seattle Post-lntelligencer)Tj
T*(\(19 February 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(74 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(75 Sheila McLaughlin, "Man Who Went for Gas Set Afire," \(Cincinnati Inquirer \(22)Tj
T*(September 1993\).)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(34 "Mayor’s Fingerprints On Hate Mail," Associated Press \(13 July 1987\). L)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(35 Associated Press, "Voters Oust Mayor Linked to Racist Mailings." Kansas City)Tj
T*(Star \(16 December 1987\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(36 Jodie DeJonge, "Milwaukee Alderman Accused of Lying to Disfavor Opponent,")Tj
T*(St. Baul Pioneer Press \(June 26, 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(37 Tracie Reddick, "Letters Use Klan To Slam Killings." Washington Times \(14)Tj
T*(December 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(38 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(39 Pat Wilks, "Cops: 2 Whites Attacked Black Teen," New York Post \(29 September)Tj
T*(1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(40 Michael Shain, "Cops Say Teen 'Bias Victim' Was Lying." New York Post \(3)Tj
T*(October 1993\). A 1)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(41 Mary O'Doherty, "Black Teens Slaying Linked To Drugs, Not Racism." Louisville)Tj
T*(Courier:Journal \(23 July 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(42 Mary O'Doherty, "Witness Testifies That Friend, Not Whites, Shot Price.")Tj
T*(Louisville Courier Journal \(8 September 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(43 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(44 Sandra Gonzales, "Ex-Principle Arrested In Blaze At Church School," San Jose)Tj
T*(Mercury News \(16 September 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(45 Jacques Steinberg, "Woman Found Beaten To Death In Manhattan," New York Times)Tj
T*(\(11 July 1991\). I)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(46 Anne E. Murray, Peter Moses and Ransdell Pierson, "Neighbor Held In 'KKK')Tj
T*(Slaying of Granny," New York Post \(12 July 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(47 "Teens Sought In Hate Crime Directed At Albany Mayor," The Oregonian \(3 June)Tj
T*(1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(48 "Reported Hate Crime Really Plan By Son To Avoid Trouble," The Oregonian \(4)Tj
T*(June 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(49 Douglas Montero, "Youths Made Up Racial-Attack Story," Cleveland Plain)Tj
T*(Dealer, n.d. \(1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(50 "Black Teenager Recants Story About Racist Shooting, San P Francisco)Tj
T*(Chronicle \(5 August 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(51 "Two Who Claimed Attacked Accused of False Report," unnamed Ohio newspaper)Tj
T*(\(24 March 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(52 Mary D'Ambrosio, "Officer Doubts Racism A Factor In Troy Incident," Albany)Tj
T*(Times-Union \(19 August 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(53 William Brand, "Berkeley Probes Alleged Beating Of Black By Cops," The)Tj
T*(Oakland Tribune \(12 May 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(54 William Brand, "Police Say Richmond Han Made Up Beating Story," The Oakland)Tj
T*(Tribune \(20 May 1992\).)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
207 0 obj
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12 TL
T*(November 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Oregonian \(1 November 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(14 Denise McVea, "Police Suspect Victims in Hate-Crime Reports," The Oregonian)Tj
T*(\(3 November 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15 Denise McVea \(3 November 1992\), Op Cit; Associated Press, "Multnomah Officer)Tj
T*(Accused of Fake Cross-Burning Report," Statesman Journal \(3 November 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(16 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(17 "Founder of Guardian Angels Confesses to Hoaxes," Los Angeles Times \(25)Tj
T*(November 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(18 Hark Vane and Frank Wolfe, "Cross Burnings Not Hate-Crimes; 4 Blacks)Tj
T*(Arrested." Washington Times \(27 August 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19 Barry Lawrence, "Cross Burned By Blacks, Officials Say." Prince Georges)Tj
T*(County Forum \(27 August 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(20 Michael Martinez, "Children, Not Klan, Blamed For Vandalism." Kansas City)Tj
T*(Star \(9 October 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(21 "Cross Is Burned On Fraternity Lawn," Kansas City Star \(8 November 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(22 Dave Hendrick, "Racial Tensions Taint Lawrence's Image," Wichita Eagle \(16)Tj
T*(December 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(23 "Report Of Youth's Burning False, Police Say." Associated Press \(28 December)Tj
T*(1986\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(24 "Cross Burning Suspect is Black," wire service reports \(26 February 1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(25 Lacy McCray, "Arrest Stuns Cross-Burning Victims," Philadelphia Inquirer \(26)Tj
T*(February 1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(26 Lacy McCray and Michael B. Coakley, "Black Man Is Charged In Four Cross)Tj
T*(Burnings," Philadelphia Inquirer \(25 February l984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(27 Joanne Sills, "Black Cop Confesses To Slur," Philadelphia Daily News \(8 March)Tj
T*(1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(28 "Bombings, Rising Tide of Hate Crime Linked," Denver Post \(26 December 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(29 Fred Grimm, "New Breed of Racists Heightens Fears With Ideological Hove to)Tj
T*(Revolution," News and Observer \(2 January 1990\): Sonya Ross, "Hate Groups Called)Tj
T*(Logical Suspects In Bombings," San Francisco Chronicle, n.d. \(1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(30 Kathy Kemp, "FBI'S Suspect in Mail Bombings Finds Notoriety Good for)Tj
T*(Business," Birmingham Post-Herald, n.d. \(May 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(31 Peter Applebome, "A Shadowy Bomb Case Is Focusing On A o Loner and Enigmatic)Tj
T*(Figure." New York Times \(20 July 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(32 "Hail Bomb Probe Seemed To Bog Down," Associated Press \(11 November 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(33 Rhonda Hillbery, "Jury Finds Georgia Han Guilty in Nail-Bomb Threats," Los)Tj
T*(Angeles Times \(29 June 1991\).)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
204 0 obj
<>stream
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/F1 10 Tf
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T*("This was a purposeful act of hate....I'm borderline shocked that this could)Tj
T*(happen. I'd rather it was because of something I did personally to someone than)Tj
T*(because I'm black.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Thomas's claim of racial intimidation brought immense local and national media)Tj
T*(attention. Anti-racist groups were lamenting the plight of the brave young woman)Tj
T*(and calls for harsher penalties for "hate crimes" echoed throughout the)Tj
T*(community. It also brought the Federal Bureau of Investigation into the case,)Tj
T*(which proved to be the actual perpetrators undoing. According to FBI spokesman)Tj
T*(Max Gieman)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The FBI conducted an inquiry but a determination was made after a preliminary)Tj
T*(investigation that the allegations [of racism] were not supported.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Lauren D. Johnson, a former Kansas City, Kansas, firefighter, proved to be the)Tj
T*(key to the case. He had been bragging to a friend that he had been involved in)Tj
T*(the arson. This friend told a friend, who called police. As the investigation)Tj
T*(began to focus on him, Johnson admitted his part in the crime.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The store was failing and it was burned to collect insurance.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Thomas and Johnson were convicted. Due to an effective attorney and their)Tj
T*(willingness to implicate one another in the crime, both received relatively)Tj
T*(lenient sentences. Thomas was sentenced to 60 days of monitored house arrest and)Tj
T*(ordered to pay $13,000 restitution. Johnson was sentenced to 90 days monitored)Tj
T*(house arrest and $7,800 in restitution. Each was also placed on five years)Tj
T*(probation.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1 Robert D. McFadden, "Inquiry: No Evidence Links Law Enforcers To Kidnapping,")Tj
T*(The Ledger \(10 April 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 Associated Press, "Time Frame Conflict In Racial Sex Case," Chicago Tribune \(6)Tj
T*(May 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Associated Press, "Brawley's Rape Story A Lie, N. Y. Attorney General Says,")Tj
T*(Kansas City Times \(7 October 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 Joan Beck, ?The Public Exploitation of Tawana Brawley," The Tampa Tribune \(15)Tj
T*(June 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Eric Breindel, "Public Truth and Racial Politics," New York Post \(5 July)Tj
T*(1990\). )Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 Associated Press, "Judge Rules Brawley Defamed Prosecutor," The Washington)Tj
T*(Times \(9 May 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 Linda Stevens, "Black Man Held In 'KKK' Killing Of Upstate Girl," New York)Tj
T*(Post \(18 July 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Anne Ruth, "N. Y. Police Rule Out Racial Motive In Slaying, The Arizona Daily)Tj
T*(Star \(18 July 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 Dave Birkland, "Two Crosses Burned in South Seattle," The Seattle Times \(15)Tj
T*(October 1991\). )Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 Michael A. Barber, "Troubled Teen Commits Crimes to Lure Media." Seattle)Tj
T*(Post-Intelligencer \(17 January 1992\). Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12 Rachel Zimmerman, "The Perfect Victim: Azalea Cooley," Willamette Week \(26)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(motivated and may have been a financial conspiracy.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Nine months later, on 6 December 1991, Marcellous Jackson was sentenced to 15)Tj
T*(years in prison. Witnesses said that Jackson set the fire himself to collect)Tj
T*(insurance on the house. They also testified that Sandra Jackson, real estate)Tj
T*(agent Lynn Mitchell, and neighbor Ceasar Gaiters "conspired to defraud the)Tj
T*(mortgage company that financed Jackson's house.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The home of Larry Williams and Patricia Anderson, a black couple in Arvada,)Tj
T*(Colorado, was systematically ransacked 29 November 1990, and 29 swastikas were)Tj
T*(drawn with a felt marker on walls. The police report noted that the ransacking)Tj
T*(had been done in an unusually neat, careful manner. Nothing was broken and)Tj
T*(nothing was missing. Williams speculated,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I guess there were trying to drive home a message that they don't want us in)Tj
T*(this neighborhood. We are the only blacks here.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Exactly two weeks later Williams and Anderson returned home to find their home)Tj
T*(on fire and their blue Thunderbird missing from the garage. Police reported that)Tj
T*(the fire had been deliberately set in four places. The house sustained mostly)Tj
T*(smoke damage. A careworn and dazed Williams said, "I just can't believe this.")Tj
T*(The FBI entered the case, requesting a copy of the earlier police report. Arvada)Tj
T*(Police Lt. Jeff Waller said)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It's routine for them to look into ethnic hate crimes like this. We want to)Tj
T*(make it perfectly clear that we are not going to tolerate a situation where a)Tj
T*(family is singled out and treated this way.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Two days after the fire the Rocky Mountain News, a Denver daily, reported that)Tj
T*(Williams and Anderson had "been deluged with an outpouring of sympathy." Police)Tj
T*(Sergeant Merle Westling of the Arvada Police Department said)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We've had calls from people wanting to donate clothing, I gifts, money to help)Tj
T*(rebuild the house - I've even been told there was a contractor over there this)Tj
T*(morning who said he'd donate some time to get the place straightened up.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Thunderbird was soon located in Denver. Police reported that someone had put)Tj
T*(a rock on the gas pedal and let it run into a parked dump truck. Police)Tj
T*(fingerprinted the car for clues. Arvada Police Chief Pat Ahlstrom said that the)Tj
T*("investigation is high priority, as is any crime with a possible racial or)Tj
T*(ethnic hatred motive.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(And investigate they did. Police learned that the family was in severe financial)Tj
T*(straits, and that the house was insured. Moreover, police were suspicious from)Tj
T*(the outset when inconsistencies developed in their account of the incidents.)Tj
T*(Within a few days Patricia Anderson was arrested, along with Lee Andrew)Tj
T*(Williams, brother of Larry Williams who was not charged in the case. Lee)Tj
T*(Williams and Anderson subsequently entered guilty pleas. In May 1991 Lee)Tj
T*(Williams was given 10 years for one count of first degree arson. Patricia)Tj
T*(Anderson received 5 years probation for attempted theft and false reporting.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In July 1990 an arson fire seriously damaged the Clothes Encounters clothing)Tj
T*(shop in Kansas City, Missouri's fashionable Westport shopping area. The owner,)Tj
T*(Angela Washington Thomas, a black woman, claimed that it was a racially)Tj
T*(motivated "act of hate.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(At the time of the fire, Thomas told of racial harassment, including threatening)Tj
T*(telephone calls dating from when she opened the store in July I989. She told a)Tj
T*(reporter:)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(assertion that he had been beaten with chains by gang members. According to)Tj
T*(witnesses, Otis Jackson's car was overturned by people whom Jackson had)Tj
T*(endangered by driving recklessly. Jackson, 25, also withdrew claims that the)Tj
T*(whites had harassed him at a stop light, that a friend was in the car with him,)Tj
T*(and that the white gang had stolen $300.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Jackson initially said that the gang members had pushed a Molotov cocktail)Tj
T*(through a hole in the rear window. Witnesses contradicted Jackson, saying that)Tj
T*(there was no motorcycle gang involved in the incident. According to media)Tj
T*(reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...witnesses have accused Jackson of trying to run down people on pedestrian)Tj
T*(walkways before his car hit a tree... a crowd became angry after Jackson had)Tj
T*(driven in reverse at speeds of 40 miles an hour, and overturned the car after he)Tj
T*(had run off the walkways...the car exploded because the motor was running.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Jackson had told police he was driving in reverse to escape the motorcyclists.)Tj
T*(He explained, "I changed my story to them because I was high. I don't know why.)Tj
T*(I gave some bad information. I was high." Jackson had been fired from his)Tj
T*(security guard job after it was learned that he was a convicted felon awaiting)Tj
T*(trial on charges of possessing two loaded handguns, one of which was stolen in a)Tj
T*(burglary.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hoaxes often take bizarre forms. In 1988, 54-year-old Gary A. Tucker stirred law)Tj
T*(enforcement officials with a death-bed confession that he had taken part in a)Tj
T*(I963 church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four young black girls.)Tj
T*(Media sources reported:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A Justice Department official in Washington said the local United States)Tj
T*(Attorney's office and the FBI in Alabama had sent 'very optimistic reports' to)Tj
T*(Washington indicating that Mr. Tucker might well be telling the truth.'")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to federal officials, Tucker "really knew his dates and places and he)Tj
T*(knew the players in the bombing." Later, David Barber, Jefferson County District)Tj
T*(Attorney said that Tucker was "a confessor to a crime that he did not commit.")Tj
T*(Investigators noted that Tucker didn't even know the location of the church and)Tj
T*(gave three different descriptions of the car which he was driving. Barber and)Tj
T*(Frank Donaldson, U.S. Attorney for Northern Alabama, said their only explanation)Tj
T*(for the hoax was Tucker's physical and mental condition. Tucker was a cancer)Tj
T*(patient at the Veteran's Administration Hospital in Tuscaloosa, AL, at the time)Tj
T*(of his confession. Tucker's relatives said that he had been diagnosed several)Tj
T*(years earlier as a "paranoid schizophrenic.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("His explanation to us was that he realized he was dying and wanted to get this)Tj
T*(off his conscience. We were real disappointed at how it turned out because we)Tj
T*(want this case solved.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Insurance fraud has been the motive for more than one "hate crime" hoax. In)Tj
T*(March, I991, a Fayetteville, Georgia, black couple was arrested and charged with)Tj
T*(fraud by arson, having spray-painted racial slurs on the interior walls before)Tj
T*(setting their $400,000 home on fire. White racists were blamed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Marcellous and Sandra Jackson were soon arrested and held on $350,000bond. They)Tj
T*(had been behind in their mortgage payments and faced foreclosure. Their real)Tj
T*(estate agent, Lynn Mitchell, was also arrested as a co-conspirator.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to Sheriff Randall Johnson, the fire was the Jackson's third attempt)Tj
T*(in a month to burn the house down. Sheriff's Captain Bruce Jordan said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("By the second fire, we were considering the possibility that it was not racially)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(subsequently died from the injuries.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hatred and bigotry, it seems, know no age boundaries and no limits to)Tj
T*(viciousness. Or so it seemed in May 1993, when 12-year-old Jake Thompson, a)Tj
T*(black fifth-grader, reported that no less than ten white and hispanic boys, aged)Tj
T*(10 to 13, had beaten him to the ground, pushed his head inside a toilet and)Tj
T*(flushed it, and then wrote "Nigger Must Die" on a boys' restroom wall at the)Tj
T*(Encinal Elementry School in Santa Clara County, California. The case was)Tj
T*(originally handled by skeptical school officials, who were cautious about buying)Tj
T*(the improbable story. Police learned of the incident few weeks later while)Tj
T*(visiting the school on another matter and "opened a case.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The case attracted the attention of a sympathetic news media who, it is charged,)Tj
T*(blew it way out of proportion, and of civil rights groups, who howled for the)Tj
T*(boys' heads. i*Send them a message," was the slogan as powerful interest groups)Tj
T*(pushed for prosecution of the youngsters and demanded the indictments of the)Tj
T*(youngest defendants ever to go on trial for felony hate crimes, forcing many of)Tj
T*(their parents to hire attorneys to represent their children, and others to rely)Tj
T*(on understaffed and under financed public defenders. If convicted, the children)Tj
T*(could be sentenced to a draconian eight years in California Youth Authority)Tj
T*(custody. I)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A Kafkaesque tone to the case began to emerge as discrepancies and)Tj
T*(inconsistencies developed, including the date of the "hate crime," which changed)Tj
T*(back and forth. Evidence appeared that cast doubt upon Jake Thompson's story.)Tj
T*(According to news reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("At a hearing held last August, a school monitor testified that when she saw)Tj
T*(Jake after the alleged assault, he showed no signs of bruising or injury.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(As the case progressed the judge began dismissing defendants as the, evidence)Tj
T*(for their participation evaporated. Hugh Roberts, attorney for an 11-year-old)Tj
T*(defendant who was released in the case said, "This is a terribly overcharged)Tj
T*(case, made more difficult by community and media response.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Deputy District Attorney Marc Buller admitted that "As the case has evolved, we)Tj
T*(know information now that we didn't know then." Albie Jachimowicz, attorney for)Tj
T*(a 12-year-old Hispanic boy charged in the case, claimed that Buller was pushing)Tj
T*(the case because of political and social pressure. when the case came to trial)Tj
T*(the San Jose Mercury reported)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Recanting his original story to police, a boy testified in court Wednesday that)Tj
T*(the alleged beating of a black classmate was a hoax. Instead, the seventh-grader)Tj
T*(said Jake Thompson planned the whole incident shortly after school began that)Tj
T*(day, then later ripped his own shirt and wet his hair to make it appear as if he)Tj
T*(had been beaten... \(the boy\) told how Jake had asked him to lie and repeatedly)Tj
T*(called his house to make sure their stories matched.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("On the witness stand Tuesday and Wednesday, two of the prosecution's witnesses)Tj
T*(changed their stories and contradicted Jake's account of the May 4 incident.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(As Jake Thompson's story fell apart Judge Paul R. Teilh had no choice but to)Tj
T*(acquit the remaining four defendants. This, however, was not the end of the)Tj
T*(story. There was still a possibility for money to be made. In November, 1993,)Tj
T*(attorneys for Jake Thompson filed a $3 million civil suit against Morgan Hill)Tj
T*(Unified School District, charging that they were "negligent" and "failed to)Tj
T*(supervise and control the conduct of students.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Chicago a black man who had told police of an attack by a white motorcycle)Tj
T*(gang in May 1985, recanted parts of his story after witnesses disputed his)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(a synagogue bombing had been planned for nearby Spokane. H Later, the FBI)Tj
T*(acknowledged that the "plot" was sheer fiction. David Hill of the FBI office in)Tj
T*(Seattle, said, "The bottom line is we found there was no substance to the)Tj
T*(allegations." Apparently, however, Bordner -- acting as an informant -- actually)Tj
T*(tried to get a conspiracy of that nature going.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to February 1992 news reports:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Sources close to the investigation said FBI electronic surveillance at Aryan)Tj
T*(Nations revealed no instance where anyone in the group talked about the plot)Tj
T*(except the informant Dan Bordner.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*('Nobody else ever mentioned the threat,' one source said. when the FBI gave)Tj
T*(Bordner lie detector tests, 'he flunked big time,' a source said.'")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Floyd Cochran, at whose home the group met and who freely admits his membership)Tj
T*(in Aryan Nations, said that "The whole thing was a fiction of Mr. Bordner.")Tj
T*(Cochran's home was searched by the FBI on the strength of Bordner's allegations.)Tj
T*(No incriminating evidence of any kind was turned up. The FBI suspects that)Tj
T*(Bordner fabricated the account in order to promote a future book.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Of all possible hate crimes hoaxes, one would think that an incident in which a)Tj
T*(man is deliberately set on fire would be impossible to fake. Yet, such a hoax)Tj
T*(apparently happened in Loveland, Ohio, in September 1993. 66)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Writhing in pain with burns over 75% of his body, Milton Metcalfe lay in front)Tj
T*(of a Loveland bar Tuesday and screamed, 'I was trying to help them.' His payoff,)Tj
T*(according to police: a cup of gasoline in the face and a match tossed at him.)Tj
T*(Police are checking the possibility the attack was gs racially motivated.)Tj
T*(Metcalfe is black; he described his attackers as white.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to Metcalfe, 30, he was trying to help two men and a pregnant woman)Tj
T*(whose pickup truck was out of gas. He went home and got a gas can, had it)Tj
T*(filled, and brought it to the trio. Metcalfe told police that the truck would)Tj
T*(not start. The men asked him to get a cup of gas to prime the carburettor when)Tj
T*(he complied, one of the men poured it on him and the other man tossed a lighted)Tj
T*(match. Metcalfe, on fire, ran across to the Zappa sports bar. Bartender Angela)Tj
T*(Clasgens said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We heard a loud bang. It sounded like a gunshot. We looked at the door, and)Tj
T*(there was a great big fireball. He was screaming, 'They were trying to pour it)Tj
T*(gown my throat. They poured gas on me and set me on fire.'")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Loveland, with a population of 9,900, is 97% white and 2% black, according to)Tj
T*(the 1990 census. Police and citizens initially speculated on the racial aspect)Tj
T*(of the crime. A few days later, another story began to emerge. Police had)Tj
T*(discovered a half-filled gas can behind a Loveland shopping center, and)Tj
T*(accounts by witnesses cast suspicion on Milton Metcalfe's story. Hearing of)Tj
T*(these developments, the local NAACP demanded an investigation. Frank Allison,)Tj
T*(president of the Cincinnati chapter, said, "I think if the victim was white, it)Tj
T*(would have been handled differently.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Finally, the whole story began to come apart. Police revealed that Metcalfe had)Tj
T*(been convicted in April, 1993, for filing a false police report that he had been)Tj
T*(abducted by two men with a baby. A detailed police investigation determined that)Tj
T*(the incident was a hoax concocted by Metcalfe. Also, it was learned that the)Tj
T*(late-model Ford pickup Metcalfe had described has no carburetor and could not be)Tj
T*(primed with gas. Finally, although many people had seen Metcalfe in the area of)Tj
T*(the Clark station, no one had noticed the truck. Milton Metcalfe, critically)Tj
T*(burned and the apparent self-inflicted victim of a hoax that backfired,)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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<>stream
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12 TL
T*(August 9, 1991. A front-page story in the local newspaper depicted Lewis as a)Tj
T*(victim of a racial hate crime and photographed him standing in front of his)Tj
T*(vandalized home. Lewis portrayed the incident as an attempt to discourage his)Tj
T*(candidacy:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("If they can discourage me from running by acts of aggression or other form of)Tj
T*(hatred, that's what they will do. But it won't stop us.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There is more to the story. Lewis contacted police with the claim that he was)Tj
T*(being blackmailed. Some woman had made up a story to the effect that Lewis had)Tj
T*(paid two men to deface his house, he claimed, and she was threatening to tell)Tj
T*(unless he paid her $2,000. Police initially believed Lewis and set up a sting)Tj
T*(operation to entrap the woman. Under electronic surveillance Lewis met with the)Tj
T*(woman and paid her $500. Police moved in and arrested the blackmailer.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, the same woman had gone to the County Sheriff's office and confessed)Tj
T*(that she was planning to extort money from Lewis. She insisted that Lewis had)Tj
T*(asked friends to paint the racial slur on his house so he could capitalize on)Tj
T*(victim status. Police contacted the men, who confirmed the story, and arrested)Tj
T*(Lewis when he visited one of the men. Lewis subsequently confessed to the hate)Tj
T*(crime hoax.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Lewis, who had previous convictions for larceny and bad checks, remained in the)Tj
T*(race and, incredibly, despite his confession to police, continued to profess his)Tj
T*(innocence! He lost the election.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(At California's March Air Force Base the dormitory doors of the 22nd Security)Tj
T*(Police Squadron were covered with racial and sexual slurs in a red marker. The)Tj
T*(slogans found on October 8, 1992, included "Stay with Your Own Kind" and "KKK.")Tj
T*(Although both white and black air police officers slept in the dormitory, only)Tj
T*(the rooms of blacks were defaced.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Within a week military police had charged a black military policeman, Airman)Tj
T*(First Class Ivory Lee Scott, 28, an 18-month Air Force veteran, with seven)Tj
T*(counts, including damaging government property, making racial and sexual slurs,)Tj
T*(obstruction of justice by tampering with three witnesses and two counts of)Tj
T*(making false statements in another matter. The arrest followed a week-long)Tj
T*(investigation by wing commander Brig. Gen. Don Jensen, who uncovered the hoax.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police informants are often unstable and unreliable, particularly in matters)Tj
T*(involving alleged hate crimes. Even in cases where they're not trying to save)Tj
T*(their own necks, they may fabricate stories for no other reason than to feel)Tj
T*(important. Such a case occurred involving the notorious anti-black and)Tj
T*(anti-Jewish Aryan Nations organization in Idaho.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(To the credulous mind there is little that one could say of Aryan Nations that)Tj
T*(wouldn't be believed. Few organizations have received more publicity entirely)Tj
T*(out of proportion to their objective importance than this small group. Not that)Tj
T*(the group hasn't sought out such publicity, mind you. Nevertheless, the media)Tj
T*(has sensationalized the group to the point where any news about them becomes big)Tj
T*(news.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Based on the account by a former informant, FBI agents approached Marshall Mend,)Tj
T*(a Jewish real estate man in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, with the news that a group of)Tj
T*(white racists had conspired to do him in, along with Bill Wassmuth, a former)Tj
T*(Catholic priest. Both men had been active in campaigns against Aryan Nations and)Tj
T*(other white racist activists in their community.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The informant, Dan Bordner, who had infiltrated Aryan Nations, had been dropped)Tj
T*(by the bureau after FBI agents came to doubt his credibility,73lso claimed that)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
186 0 obj
<>stream
BT
/F1 10 Tf
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12 TL
T*(investigators had determined that Mason had written the hate letter he had)Tj
T*(reported receiving. 53)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In a 1986 case, a St. Charles, Missouri black girl, Bridget Clark, 14, told her)Tj
T*(parents that two white men had thrown acid on her and shouted racial slurs as)Tj
T*(she walked home from school. The black community was in an uproar. A police)Tj
T*(investigation revealed that the acid was actually the result of an accident at a)Tj
T*(summer job where the girl spilled chemicals on her arm causing first-degree)Tj
T*(burns. "She made up the story on her way home," her mother, Shirley Clark, said.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to news reports, Mrs. Clark said Bridget, "who had been doing cleaning)Tj
T*(work at Duschesne [High School] through a federal jobs program would be)Tj
T*(transferred to work at another school.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The headlines in the February 6, 1993 Olathe, Kansas, Daily News were stark and)Tj
T*(explicit: "Vandal Scrawls Racist Message on House." Under the photograph of a)Tj
T*(black woman standing beside the hate message, "Nigers Go Home," [sic] was the)Tj
T*(caption: "Edna Mitchell was surprised and saddened Friday morning to find a)Tj
T*(racist remark written on the front of her Spring Hill home.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It makes you feel violated," she said. Rosemary Jackson, Mitchell's sister, was)Tj
T*(with her when they discovered the graffiti. She said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("My \(seven-year-old\) daughter was screaming and crying 'Momma, how can somebody)Tj
T*(do this,' They were dumb enough to s leave their footprints, and their spelling)Tj
T*(was wrong.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Later media accounts told of the Mitchell family being driven from Spring Hill.)Tj
T*(She reported harassing telephone calls. "They called and told us they were going)Tj
T*(to kill our kids. They said we were getting too much publicity," Mitchell said.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Local authorities sprang into action. Spring Hill police stopped children on)Tj
T*(their way home from school for questioning. Mayor Mary Lavery said she was)Tj
T*("shocked, dismayed." In the twenty years Lavery had lived in Spring Hill, this)Tj
T*(is the first time she had heard of a racial incident. An anti-racist witch hunt)Tj
T*(was brewing. Coincidentally, in nearby Olathe, Kansas, employees of the Olathe)Tj
T*(Water Department had been disciplined for possessing and sharing racially)Tj
T*(offensive religious literature. The story percolated in the local news media for)Tj
T*(a couple of weeks, and was reported statewide in the large circulation Kansas)Tj
T*(City Star. Olathe NAACP T leader Sue Cartwright said the distributors of)Tj
T*(dangerous literature "should be reprimanded, fired.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Responding to the opportunity for further notoriety, a tiny Ku Klux Klan)Tj
T*(grouplet from a rural Kansas community passed out fliers at a couple dozen A)Tj
T*(houses in the city. Community leaders were aghast. All of a sudden the community)Tj
T*(was "sensitized" and townspeople were speculating about who might be responsible)Tj
T*(about the Mitchell incident. And then the bubble burst. 64)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On March 9th police charged Mitchell with two counts of making false police)Tj
T*(reports, a class A misdemeanor in Kansas. Authorities accused her of inventing)Tj
T*(several stories that she was being harassed in the community, including her)Tj
T*(account of the racial slur on the wall of her home. Spring Hill Police Sgt. Hugh)Tj
T*(Grossman said)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We took this seriously, and we wanted to find out who did it because it was)Tj
T*(such a terrible thing for the city to live down. We were just surprised at the)Tj
T*(outcome.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Charles A. Lewis, a black mayoral candidate in Jacksonville, North Carolina,)Tj
T*(found the words "NO VOTE NEGGER" [sic] in pink spray paint on his house on)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
183 0 obj
<>stream
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12 TL
T*()Tj
T*("After an exhaustive investigation into the matter, we believe that his claims)Tj
T*(were outright fabrications. We have conclusive evidence it did not happen.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(No-one Daughrity claimed to have talked with, or who witnessed the incident,)Tj
T*(could confirm the attack, including the clerk at the bicycle store. Police could)Tj
T*(not locate a single witness from the allegedly crowded parking lot, nor the)Tj
T*(police officer that was supposedly flagged down.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In New York City Lewis Watkins, 25, a black man claimed he had been beaten in)Tj
T*(January 1992 by five white men in a white van. One man allegedly got out and)Tj
T*(pushed him to the ground. .The others then got out and began kicking Watkins,)Tj
T*(using racial slurs and referring to an earlier abduction and rape of a)Tj
T*(15-year-old white girl by two black men.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(New York Mayor David Dinkins took the opportunity to issue a statement)Tj
T*(condemning racism and the "absolutely senseless, absolutely appalling act of)Tj
T*(bias violence." The police investigation became high priority. A few hours)Tj
T*(later, however, Mayor Dinkins retracted his statement after police officials)Tj
T*(voiced doubts that the attack even occurred. Watkins, it turned out, had A made)Tj
T*(two previous unfounded reports of beatings at the hands of white men in white)Tj
T*(vans. Dinkins' press secretary, Leland T. Jones, commented)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It's hard to condemn something that didn't happen. If the price of a retraction)Tj
T*(is a bias incident that did not occur, we'll pay that price, because we are)Tj
T*(pleased that an incident as terrible as this was reported to have been did not)Tj
T*(occur.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Richard Savino, a white Staten Island, New York, homeowner was visiting his)Tj
T*(parents in Delaware, New York, when police called with news that his house)Tj
T*(trailer was on fire. Savino had been trying to sell the trailer for six months.)Tj
T*(On one occasion he had shown it to a black couple. Subsequently, his car was)Tj
T*(vandalized and racial slurs were painted on the trailer. He also claimed to have)Tj
T*(received threatening telephone calls. At the time of the fire, the slogan, "NOW)Tj
T*(sell to niggers" was found spraypainted on a wall. The police classified the)Tj
T*(incident as a "bias related" hate crime.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, other residents in the neighborhood were puzzled at the course of)Tj
T*(events. The development has black, Indian, Chinese and Hispanic residents. The)Tj
T*(president of the Meadowbrook Civic Association said, "We don't think it's a bias)Tj
T*(situation. We have a multiracial community here.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On October 13, 1991, police arrested Savino himself for the crime. He was)Tj
T*(charged with arson, conspiracy insurance fraud, reckless endangerment of)Tj
T*(property and falsely reporting an incident, according to police spokesman Sgt.)Tj
T*(Edward Burns.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A black man, Oliver Mason, III, had allegedly received a racial hate letter and)Tj
T*(was served a dead mouse and broken glass in an omelet at an Annapolis, Maryland,)Tj
T*(restaurant. He was hospitalized briefly after the incident. Mason had also)Tj
T*(complained of being a "victim of racism" at the Annapolis Holiday Inn where he)Tj
T*(operated a gift shop.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Mason was hospitalized again on April 25, 1991, after he was found in a men's)Tj
T*(restroom with an electric cord around his neck and the words "Sorry Nigger")Tj
T*(written on the door. Mason told police someone had looped the cord around his)Tj
T*(neck.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Mason was subsequently arrested and charged with filing a false report and)Tj
T*(hindering a police investigation. Police spokeswoman Florence Steffen said)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
180 0 obj
<>stream
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1 0 0 1 50 752 Tm
12 TL
T*(Griffin's injuries.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Griffin, along with a companion, was subsequently charged with murder, two armed)Tj
T*(robberies and car theft. He was returned to San Quentin Prison where he was)Tj
T*(being held on a parole violation.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Rev. James Dixon, a black minister in Houston, Texas, had received a hate letter)Tj
T*(in January 1992 which said, "Boy, you are one troublemaker. What do you think we)Tj
T*(should do about this." The words "THIS IS THE KLAN!" were printed in large)Tj
T*(letters, and an illustration of a Klansman in robe and hood was included. Media)Tj
T*(accounts said the letter contained several "racist statements.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Charles Lee, Texas grand dragon of the minuscule White Camelia Knights of the Ku)Tj
T*(Klux Klan, denied his organization was involved. He suggested that the letter)Tj
T*(might be a hoax to arouse publicity for Dixon. Lee said that this kind of thing)Tj
T*(only brought notoriety and police harassment for the Klan.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(But a few days later another letter appeared, this one apologizing for the first)Tj
T*(one. The writer said he was not a member of the KKK and that he had intended)Tj
T*(the letter as a joke, and apologized for the letter. Constable Jack Abercia said)Tj
T*(the author of the apology also wrote the original letter, based upon)Tj
T*(similarities in the two. By this time the "copycat" phenomenon had kicked in and)Tj
T*(yet another letter was received containing racist threats and apparently not)Tj
T*(related to the other two letters. Michael Lowe, Grand Dragon of another tiny)Tj
T*(Houston-based KKK faction, was interviewed by the Houston Chronicle. He said his)Tj
T*(Klan group is opposed to the use of threatening letters or violence.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Warrem Duliere, publisher of the left-wing alternative paper, West Virginia)Tj
T*(Advocate, was found dead in his garage in July 1992, a victim of a gunshot)Tj
T*(wound. Duliere's outspoken attacks on the Ku Klux Klan were a matter of public)Tj
T*(record as he challenged its members to "come out from behind their robes, hoods)Tj
T*(and masks." Consequently, the "KKK" found written on the walls of his home with)Tj
T*(a marker seemed certain to implicate the Klan in his death.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A police investigation soon cleared up the attempted hoax. Police spokesmen were)Tj
T*(quoted as saying that the 60-year-old publisher, distraught over failing health)Tj
T*(and criticism of his newspaper, committed suicide. Forensic evidence and)Tj
T*(examination of the scene compelled police Cpl. D. B. Burkhart to observe that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The results indicate Mr. Duliere died as a result of a self-inflicted gunshot)Tj
T*(wound with his own gun.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A source said that there was "an air of mystery about [Duliere] and I think he)Tj
T*(wanted to go out the same way.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Kenneth Daughrity, an employee of the University of San Diego, told police in)Tj
T*(February 1992 that three white skinheads had attacked him at an automatic-teller)Tj
T*(machine after he had deposited his paycheck. His original account was that he)Tj
T*(fought a single skinhead but was overwhelmed when two other skinheads beat and)Tj
T*(kicked him while shouting racial epithets.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Daughrity, a black Gulf War Navy veteran, claimed that no one in the parking lot)Tj
T*(would come to his help, and a nearby bicycle shop refused to allow him to make.a)Tj
T*(911 call to police. Finally, he said, he flagged down a patrol car, but the)Tj
T*(officers refused to take a report of the hate crime. Media accounts of the)Tj
T*(incident brought an orgy of sympathy and offers of financial assistance.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A San Diego police department internal investigation, however, concluded that)Tj
T*(Daughrity had made up the entire incident. According to Assistant Police Chief)Tj
T*(Dave Worden,)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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12 TL
T*(four places and four teeth had been knocked out. The day of the attack, police)Tj
T*(began investigating the theft of a 1979 Chevrolet from a parking lot. Police)Tj
T*(discovered that the "attacked" black teenagers had stolen the car and wrecked it)Tj
T*(when the 16-year-old drove it into a pole. The facial injuries were apparently)Tj
T*(caused by the accident. They were charged with receiving stolen property and)Tj
T*(making a false police report.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In August of 1988, a biracial couple living in the Troy, New York's Martin)Tj
T*(Luther King Apartments reported finding their apartment walls painted with)Tj
T*(racial slurs and the initials "KKK," according to news reports. Dawn Rowe, 31 is)Tj
T*(white; her 63-year-old husband Pleasant is black, and they have six children.)Tj
T*(The couple reported that they had been taunted with racial slurs to the point)Tj
T*(where they often stay inside with the curtains drawn. Police investigating the)Tj
T*(incident, however, told another story. Detective Robert Paul came to suspect)Tj
T*(that the "victims" had been feuding with someone. He said there had been no)Tj
T*(signs of forced entry. Neighbors had not noted anything unusual around the)Tj
T*(apartment at the time of the alleged hate crime. He noted that the housing)Tj
T*(complex is racially mixed and that biracial families are not uncommon. There had)Tj
T*(been no other racial incidents there.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police declined to characterize the case as a hoax when pressed but it was clear)Tj
T*(that there was strong suspicion that the Ku Klux Klan was not haunting the)Tj
T*(complex after all.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(It had the potential to be another Rodney King case. Four white Berkeley,)Tj
T*(California, police officers were accused of severely beating Ronald Griffin, 25,)Tj
T*(a black man, who was taken to a local hospital with broken upper and lower jaws)Tj
T*(and several teeth knocked out. A police officer identified by the "victim" as)Tj
T*(the one primarily responsible for the May 1992 incident was, placed on)Tj
T*(administrative leave.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to Griffin, he had been walking along a Berkeley street when two)Tj
T*(officers pulled up, asked him to identify himself, and drove away. He said that)Tj
T*(two squad cars came by later with two additional officers, put him in one of the)Tj
T*(cars and drove him to an unknown locations where he was handcuffed, beaten)Tj
T*(unconscious with a baton, and abandoned. 60)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The media initially sensationalized the case. However, it was soon learned that)Tj
T*(Griffin had been recently released from San Quentin, after serving four years)Tj
T*(for attempted murder and robbery. His arrest record also included narcotics)Tj
T*(dealing, burglary and auto theft. On several occasions Griffin either fled or)Tj
T*(resisted arrest, and in one case almost rammed his car into a patrol car. Four)Tj
T*(days later lawyers for Griffin announced that plans for a lawsuit against the)Tj
T*(policemen was dropped due to lack of supporting evidence.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The police department interviewed all officers who were on duty when the alleged)Tj
T*(beating occurred and reviewed all radio transmissions during the period. After a)Tj
T*(thorough investigation they announced that Griffin's account was a fabrication.)Tj
T*(According to news reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Police here say they now have solid evidence that the Richmond black man who)Tj
T*(claimed he was beaten 10 days ago by four white Berkeley cops made up the entire)Tj
T*(episode to cover his involvement in a three-city crime spree. Sources said)Tj
T*(police believe Griffin attempted to rob a drug dealer and his jaw was broken)Tj
T*(when his victim hit him with a gun butt.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Finally, as the hoax unraveled, it was learned that the day before Griffin made)Tj
T*(his charges against police, he had allegedly fired a gun at a dope dealer he was)Tj
T*(trying to hold up. The bullet hit and killed an innocent Mexican immigrant)Tj
T*(bystander. The gun recoiled, striking him in the jaw, which accounted for)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
174 0 obj
<>stream
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12 TL
T*()Tj
T*(In July, 1991, 73-year-old Helen Clewell, who lived alone in an Upper East Side)Tj
T*(building, was found stabbed, beaten and strangled in her apartment. According to)Tj
T*(news reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The police, after finding a note in Mrs. Clewell's apartment that contained)Tj
T*(references to the Ku Klux Klan and racial and ethnic slurs, classified the)Tj
T*(killing as a bias incident. But Captain William Roe, the commander of the 4th)Tj
T*(Detective Division, said the police had been unable to link the contents of the)Tj
T*(note to the crime.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A few days later police had their culprit in custody. The note, which read "KKK)Tj
T*(hates Jews, niggers and spics" had apparently been written by Charles Ocasio,)Tj
T*(32, a hispanic, who lived with his mother on the same floor as the victim.)Tj
T*(Police Detective Joseph Borrell observed that the apartment house "is a very)Tj
T*(secure building." He said,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Most investigators had a gut feeling it was someone who lived in the building)Tj
T*(or had access to it. The note was intended to kind of throw us off the track. It)Tj
T*(just didn't fit.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Albany, 0regon's mayor, Gene Belhumeur, reported to police in June 1993 that he)Tj
T*(had been the victim of a racial hate crime. Belhumeur is white; his wife and)Tj
T*(children from her previous marriage are black. His 17-year-old son awakened him)Tj
T*(with the story that two boys had flattened three of the tires on a family car)Tj
T*(and stole a hood ornament. A racial hate note was attached to the windshield,)Tj
T*(which made the offense a hate crime under Oregon law., Police were looking for)Tj
T*(two teenagers.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, when they interrogated Belhumeur's son the next day, the boy admitted)Tj
T*(to police having fabricated the hate crime story after driving the car into a)Tj
T*(ditch and flattening three tires.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Three black youths on a bicycle-stealing spree in June 1991 claimed to have been)Tj
T*(attacked by a group of white men before they were apprehended by police in)Tj
T*(Cleveland, Ohio. At the time of the theft, police were called, who chased and)Tj
T*(apprehended five black youths. Four others got away.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cleveland police Sergeant Patrick Reynolds said they had fabricated the story to)Tj
T*(conceal their crimes.i The blacks were among a larger group of who had)Tj
T*(previously stolen bicycles from the same bike shop. when they returned to the)Tj
T*(bike shop an employee, thinking they were going to make a second attempt, ran)Tj
T*(out after them.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The fabricated account of the attack by white men was easily debunked in this)Tj
T*(instance. According to Cleveland Prosecutor Mark McClain, "After the police)Tj
T*(talked to everyone, it was clear that there was no racially motivated attack.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A 14-year-old black teenager claimed that he had been shot in a racially- )Tj
T*(motivated drive-by shooting near Clearlake, California in July 1988.)Tj
T*(This raised the consciousness of the community to the issue of hate crimes and)Tj
T*(related matters. One month later, however, Clearlake Police Chief Roger Sciutto)Tj
T*(reported that the black youth admitted that he had accidentally shot himself in)Tj
T*(the hand with a revolver he claimed to have found in a park. No hate crime had)Tj
T*(ever occurred.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Akron, Ohio, two black teenagers reported in March 1989 that a carload of)Tj
T*(white youths had beaten them. The attack had occurred as they were walking along)Tj
T*(a city street, they said. The white youths began taunting them and then attacked)Tj
T*(them. Both boys suffered facial injuries, and the 14-year old’s jaw was broken in)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
171 0 obj
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12 TL
T*(Edelle James,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("They yelled ethnic slurs and said she didn't belong there. They went through)Tj
T*(her purse, removed lipstick, ripped her blouse and smeared lipstick on her chest)Tj
T*(and neck. Then they struck her in the face and fled the scene.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The teenager was taken to Coney Island Hospital, where she was treated by)Tj
T*(physicians and released, according to news reports.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Four days later, on October 3, 1992, newspapers reported that the teenager had)Tj
T*(recanted her story. "It didn't happen," said Capt. William Plackenmeyer. "She)Tj
T*(was looking for sympathy from her boyfriend and made up a story." Police)Tj
T*(investigators began to suspect the hoax when important elements of her story)Tj
T*(didn't check out. In the meanwhile, New York Mayor David Dinkins had cited the)Tj
T*(case as an example of a hate crime to illustrate the need for a state anti-bias)Tj
T*(law.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hate crime hoaxes are sometimes used to cover up crimes, to draw attention away)Tj
T*(from criminal activity, or to create a "victim" cover for an individual fearing)Tj
T*(discovery and criminal prosecution.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(D'Ron Birdsong, an 16-year old black youth, testified in May 1988 that David)Tj
T*(Price, an 18-year old black man, was shot and killed by a carload of white men)Tj
T*(who were yelling racial epithets while driving through a Louisville, Kentucky,)Tj
T*(neighborhood. Police Chief Bobby Crouch described the shooting as a racial hate)Tj
T*(crime. The charges rocketed through the Louisville, community and quickly)Tj
T*(brought calls for "justice" and an end to white racist terrorism.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There were problems with this account, however. Police showed that Price had)Tj
T*(been shot from a distance of three to six feet away, not 30 or 40 feet away)Tj
T*(as4Birdsong had testified. Also, it was learned that Price was a drug dealer.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Later, in September 1988 in Federal Court, Birdsong recanted his previous story)Tj
T*(and testified that Price was shot in the back by Keith Pointer, at 17-year old)Tj
T*(black youth and fellow drug dealer. According to news reports)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("While police still believe there was a carload of men yelling at blacks in the)Tj
T*(area, they now believe Price, who 1 is black, may have been shot accidentally.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(No shots were fired from the alleged carload of whites -- this was a fiction)Tj
T*(Birdsong originally concocted to protect Pointer. Birdsong stuck with the)Tj
T*(fabrication during four statements to the FBI. Finally, be told his mother to)Tj
T*(call police and he told them what had actually happened.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Heavy smoke poured from the west wing of the Manor Baptist Church and School in)Tj
T*(San Leandro, California, in September, 1992, destroying the Church's offices and)Tj
T*(damaging the library. Police and fire investigators initially believed the arson)Tj
T*(was a racially-motivated hate crime. Graffiti was sprayed on the walls before)Tj
T*(the the church was doused with kerosene and gasoline and set afire.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Almost immediately though, attention shifted to Shawn Ragan, 30, former)Tj
T*(principal of the church school and church treasurer. He had been accused of)Tj
T*(embezzling $20,000 in church funds. Ragan had resigned from his post in June)Tj
T*(1992. The reason, according to church officials, was his poor performance. Ragan)Tj
T*(told investigators that he sprayed the graffiti to make them think the arson was)Tj
T*(racially-motivated. According to San Leandro Police Lt. James 0'Meara,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Part of \(Ragan's\) motive was emotional -- revenge and anger toward the people)Tj
T*(of the church and fearful that he was going to be exposed.)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
168 0 obj
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BT
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12 TL
T*(letters belonged to James W. Holley, III, the city's first black mayor, who)Tj
T*(denied the charges and claimed that he had been framed. Fortunately for Holley,)Tj
T*(at the time of the incident there were no hate crime statutes so he wasn't)Tj
T*(charged with a criminal act. In all, some 30 I letters directed to eight)Tj
T*(individuals -- all but one of them black leaders din the community -- had been)Tj
T*(mailed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The mayor's fingerprints were on file with federal authorities because of a)Tj
T*(1973 assault charge of which he was acquitted.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Tests showed copies of newspaper clippings contained in the mailings were made)Tj
T*(by the copier on the sixth floor of City Hall, where the mayor has his office.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Five months later voters held a recall election and 57.7 percent of the)Tj
T*(electorate voted to retire the 60-year old dentist and long-time civil rights)Tj
T*(leader. Holly continued to maintain that he had been framed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a black city alderman initiated a hoax in June 1990)Tj
T*(that nearly put a 100-year-old meat company out of business. Alderman Michael)Tj
T*(McGee, who had recently formed a black paramilitary group called the "Black)Tj
T*(Panther Militia," charged that sausage packed by white-owned Usinger's Famous)Tj
T*(Sausage, Inc., was tainted with rat poison. McGee said that the "Militant)Tj
T*(African Underground Squad" was responsible. When the company recalled c 80,000)Tj
T*(pounds of meat from I50 stores, an examination found none of the meat L tainted.)Tj
T*(According to news reports)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Milwaukee Mayor John 0. Norquist and others said...they believe McGee's story)Tj
T*(was fabricated because the alderman brought the warning to news media instead of)Tj
T*(reporting it immediately to police.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("'It's a hoax. It's phoney,' Norquist charged. 'What he's really doing is)Tj
T*(scaring the hell out of people, which feeds racism and bigotry.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The controversy arose when a group of businessmen opposed a McGee sponsored bill)Tj
T*(to rename a city street after Martin Luther King, Jr. A portion of the street in)Tj
T*(question is already named for him. The businessmen opposed renaming the rest of)Tj
T*(the street, saying the change would inconvenience their businesses.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Letters appearing to be of Ku Klux Klan origin exhorting blacks to continue)Tj
T*(killing each other circulated in Washington, DC, for a several week period in)Tj
T*(1991. Entitled "A Salute to All Gang Bangers," the letters thanked black gang)Tj
T*(members for having killed over 4,000 blacks since 1975. The letters read)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Keep killing each other for nothing. You are killing each other for our)Tj
T*(property.i You are killing what could be future black doctors, lawyers and)Tj
T*(businessmen that we won't have to compete with; and the good thing about it is)Tj
T*(that you are killing the youth.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One edited version was printed in the Washington Afro-American newspaper.)Tj
T*(Observers noted that one version of the letter misspells the name of the KKK as)Tj
T*("Klu Klus Klan." Washington, DC talk show host Robin Breedon said on WPGC Radio,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I don't think the letter is from the Klan, but it should give those who are)Tj
T*(involved in black-on-black violence something to think about. I think the letter)Tj
T*(was written by some black person who, like myself, is fed up with the violence)Tj
T*(and is trying to do whatever it takes to get through to these young people.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Brooklyn, a 16-year-old black teenager said she had been the victim of a)Tj
T*(racial hate crime at the hands of two 17-year-old white youths as she was)Tj
T*(walking on a city street late one Sunday evening. According to police Sgt.)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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12 TL
T*(salvage store in a prolonged, detailed investigation that was covered daily in)Tj
T*(the national media. Nevertheless, investigators failed to find any conclusive)Tj
T*(evidence linking him with the bombings.when 0'Farrell was under investigation he)Tj
T*(sold T-shirts to tourists as souvenirs, and had his photo taken with visitors to)Tj
T*(his store. Dottie Lee Snow, a relative of Hank Snow, recorded a song, "A Tribute)Tj
T*(to Robert Wayne 0'Farrell" which he sold cassette tapes of for $5.00 each.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Several months later, federal agents arrested Walter Leroy Moody on several)Tj
T*(unrelated charges. Moody had been convicted for bomb possession in 1972. Moody,)Tj
T*(it turned out, had been a suspect almost from the beginning. Federal agents had)Tj
T*(focused on 0'Farrell as a diversion - an alarming tactic from a civil)Tj
T*(libertarian point of view.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In an attempt to throw investigators off his trail, Moody included racist)Tj
T*(commentary in his letters to various media to create the false impression that)Tj
T*(the bombings were racially-motivated when, in fact, they were not. According to)Tj
T*(news reports)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Mr. Moody has no history of racial animus, and both his brother and Michael)Tj
T*(Bergin, a former Moody lawyer who married a black woman, said they believed that)Tj
T*(if race was behind the mail bombs they would be surprised if Mr. Moody would be)Tj
T*(involved.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Moody became a suspect shortly after 0'Farrell did, although federal agents did)Tj
T*(not divulge this fact to the media. In fact, federal agents were watching Moody)Tj
T*(almost two weeks before highly publicized searches of 0'Farrell's premises took)Tj
T*(place. The focus on 0'Farrell kept the issue up in the air, and newspapers)Tj
T*(around the country speculated on what seemed an obvious racist motivation behind)Tj
T*(the crime. Full public attention to Moody would have exposed a total absence of)Tj
T*(racial motivation. There was no law enforcement need for the O'Farrell deception,)Tj
T*(for Moody knew he was a suspect as soon as he was placed under surveillance)Tj
T*(early in the investigation.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The federal agents 'were not particularly surreptitious,' said Moody's)Tj
T*(attorney, Michael Hauptman, adding that Moody was under constant surveillance)Tj
T*(from early January until his arrest in July on unrelated charges.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Agents...made their headquarters a convenience store down the street from)Tj
T*(Moody's home and followed Moody while wearing jackets with FBI printed on the)Tj
T*(back.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The hate crime angle was allowed to percolate through public consciousness for)Tj
T*(eleven months, including the period when "hate crime reporting" legislation was)Tj
T*(before congress, which subsequently passed. Moody was apparently kept under)Tj
T*(surveillance to be arrested at the appropriate time. 55)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On 28 June 1991 Moody was found guilty on all 71 counts related to the bombings.)Tj
T*(During his trial federal prosecutors conceded that his motives were devoid of)Tj
T*(any racial considerations.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Prosecutors said that Moody was obsessed with his failure, to get his 1972)Tj
T*(conviction for possessing a bomb overturned, leave a criminal record that)Tj
T*(prevented him from attaining his dream of practicing law. Moody blamed the Ku)Tj
T*(Klux Klan for the bombings.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In July, 1987, Portsmouth, Virginia, black community leaders began receiving)Tj
T*(vitriolic racist "hate mail," including obscenities, racist remarks, and)Tj
T*(threats. Calls for action against the white "hate groups" were demanded. It was)Tj
T*(cited as one more example of the rising tide of hate crimes. I The incident took)Tj
T*(a dramatic turn when a police investigation found that fingerprints on the)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(What makes the Lawrence case interesting is that obvious hoaxes were treated as)Tj
T*(bonafide incidents by the media, which in turn encourages hoaxers. Wichita Eagle)Tj
T*(writer Dave Hendrick wrote a lengthy article entitled "Racial Tensions Taint)Tj
T*(Lawrence's Image," never mentioning that the cross-burnings and graffiti were)Tj
T*(hoaxes. He did note that "Reports about the cross-burnings and graffiti have)Tj
T*(been filed with Klanwatch, a division of the Southern Poverty Law Center in)Tj
T*(Montgomery, Ala." These faking hate incidents may become part of the statistics)Tj
T*(they issue periodically.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An unnamed black teen-ager in Queens, New York, told authorities that a white)Tj
T*(man had set him on fire. News reports of December 1986 noted that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Police at first believed the account and reported it as the third racial attack)Tj
T*(in Queens in a week. But when detectives found inconsistencies, the 15-year-old)Tj
T*(and three of his friends admitted the fabrication, police said.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The youth had accidentally burned himself by lighting gasoline in a fireplace.)Tj
T*(He fabricated the story in order to avoid punishment and to gain sympathy.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Bensalem, Pennsylvania, Albert A. Dawson, a 28-year-old black man, was)Tj
T*(arrested and charged with "ethnic intimidation" in February 1984 for allegedly)Tj
T*(setting crosses afire on the lawns of four interracial couples. At the time of)Tj
T*(the incidents it was believed that the offenses were committed by white racists.)Tj
T*(One of the couples, Floyd Darden, 33, who is black, and his wife Janet, who is)Tj
T*(white, woke up with a burned cross in their yard. "The fact that he's black)Tj
T*(brings a totally different dimension to the thing," Darden said.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Another family, living directly across the street from Dawson, consisted of a)Tj
T*(young black woman who recently married a white man. Another interracial couple,)Tj
T*(also victimized, lived twp blocks away. Dawson, 28, was freed after posting 10%)Tj
T*(of his $50,000 bail. Alan Rubenstein, assistant district attorney, said that the)Tj
T*(cross burning "...certainly was a racially motivated incident." Had Dawson not)Tj
T*(been apprehended the image of the Ku Klux Klan or neo-Nazi skinheads would have)Tj
T*(remained in the public mind concerning the incident.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(As we have seen, even law enforcement officers are not immune from racial)Tj
T*(hoaxes. A Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, police officer was charged in March 1988)Tj
T*(with writing an anti-black slur on a six-foot banner in a district police)Tj
T*(station. Police patrolman Ross Barnes, a 14-year veteran, who is black,)Tj
T*(confessed to the act. Apparently, Barnes was attempting to inject racism as an)Tj
T*(issue in the transfer of officers within the department. Ronald Oliver,)Tj
T*(president of the 1,000-member Guardian Civic League, Philadelphia's minority)Tj
T*(police organization, said, "For a black person to do that...is beyond my)Tj
T*(capacity. That point leaves me wondering.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One of the most widely publicized cases of terroristic bombing in U.S. history,)Tj
T*(blamed on racists and occurring on the very eve of a congressional vote on "hate)Tj
T*(crimes reporting" legislation in December, 1989, contains the elements of a)Tj
T*(planned deception. Newspapers and television throughout the nation spoke of the)Tj
T*(connection between the series of letter bombs which resulted in the murder of a)Tj
T*(U. S. District Judge and a lawyer who had handled civil rights cases and the)Tj
T*(claimed "rising tide" of racially-motivated hate crimes. 54)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The incidents proved useful in promoting the agenda of the Southern Poverty Law)Tj
T*(Center and the Center For Democratic Renewal. Both organizations attempted to)Tj
T*(link the bombings to right-wing racial extremists.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Wayne 0'Farrell of Enterprise, Alabama, an early suspect in the mailbomb killing)Tj
T*(of U. S. District Court Judge Robert Vance and attorney Robert Robinson, proved)Tj
T*(a dead end. Hundreds of federal agents descended upon 0'Farrell's home and)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*()Tj
T*(How was Cooley able to fool so many people for so long? Rachel Zimmerman,)Tj
T*(writing in Willamette Week, a Portland weekly, noted)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Cooley fooled so many so fully because she was seen as the ultimate victim: an)Tj
T*(African-American lesbian, wheelchair bound and dying of brain cancer, haunted by)Tj
T*(an anonymous bigot. In hindsight, there were a number of signs suggesting the)Tj
T*(attacks were a hoax. But those who came to Cooley's aid were blinded -- either)Tj
T*(by naivete, by their own abhorrence of racism or by the temptation to hold such)Tj
T*(a victim up as a symbol, even a martyr.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In 1990 Curtis Sliwa, founder of the multi-racial and quasi-vigilante Guardian)Tj
T*(Angels organization, claimed in 1980 that three New York City transit officers)Tj
T*(abducted him, drove him around and threatened him in order to force his)Tj
T*(organization to end subway patrols. He also claimed that someone painted "KKK")Tj
T*(and "White Power" outside the group's headquarters. The organization, founded by)Tj
T*(Sliwa in 1978, had acquired a reputation for sensationalism and as publicity)Tj
T*(seeking. As Sliwa puts it, "Ne were just little people trying to get recognition)Tj
T*(for doing good work." 9)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In November, 1992, Sliwa admitted that the kidnapping, the KKK graffiti and)Tj
T*(other events were, in fact, faked. He remarked that the constant media attention)Tj
T*(played a part in the deceptions. "It became like a intoxicant, a narcotic," he)Tj
T*(said.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Three men and a youth, all black, were arrested in August 1990 in connection)Tj
T*(with three cross burnings in Prince George's County, Maryland. Ross Fairwell,)Tj
T*(18; Gerald Simons, 20; and Reginald Steward, 21; and the juvenile, were charged)Tj
T*(with the offenses.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("According to Capt. Ron Siarnicki of the county fire department, a homeowner in)Tj
T*(the Forest View section of the community discovered the cross burning in the)Tj
T*(front yard about 3 AM after a brick was hurled through the living room window.)Tj
T*(Earlier, three black youths had jokingly donned white sheets and set fire total)Tj
T*(cross in from of a friend's house P in the 9500 block of Castle Drive in)Tj
T*(Forestville...The I friend came out to see what was going on, and then joined)Tj
T*(the trio as they went on." 8)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Captain Siarnicki went on to minimize hate crime aspects of the incident,)Tj
T*(claiming that "The act wasn't racially or religiously motivated 19.They were)Tj
T*(just being crazy, I guess...something that just got out of hand.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Lawrence, home of the University of Kansas, a small cross was burned and)Tj
T*("KKK" was spray-painted in several buildings in Lawrence neighborhoods in)Tj
T*(October 1990. Police determined that the culprit\(s\) were probably juveniles. The)Tj
T*(two-foot high cross was made from pieces of wood taken from a discarded sofa,)Tj
T*(tied together with fabric from the sofa, wedged against the ground and building,)Tj
T*(and set afire.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The Edgewood Homes tenants association held an emergency meeting last week to)Tj
T*(express anxiety. 'It's terrible because so many people ae8 afraid,' said 15-year)Tj
T*(resident Frances Moore, 63...".)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In another case, a cross was burned in front of an all-white fraternity near the)Tj
T*(University of Kansas, accompanied by a note containing anti-white comments.)Tj
T*(Militant anti-racists have been active in the Lawrence community and at the)Tj
T*(university, and Angela Davis, former member of the Central Committee of the)Tj
T*(Communist Party USA and militant anti-racist activist had recently spoken at)Tj
T*(K.U. Other suspected hoaxes have occurred.)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(right lies covering up to eight years, including false claims of disability that)Tj
T*(left her wheelchair bound, and of bogus racial harassment that began as far back)Tj
T*(as 1985 when she allegedly received death threats. In 1983 Cooley moved in with)Tj
T*(Susan Soen, whom she had been dating since 1981. In 1986 she claimed she had)Tj
T*(been diagnosed with cancer and quit her job as a corrections officer. Cooley and)Tj
T*(Soen, also a corrections officer, continued to live together and were active in)Tj
T*(the community politics.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A The most recent reports of racial harassment began on May 3, 1992, when racist)Tj
T*(graffiti was painted on Cooley and Soen's house. Following that, the word)Tj
T*("Nigger" was painted on the house, a note card with "Hitler Lives, Death to All)Tj
T*(Niggers" was found on the doorstep, and a swastika with the words "burn nigger)Tj
T*(burn" was written on Cooley's wheelchair ramp. Over a period of weeks some)Tj
T*(seventeen hate crime incidents occurred, none of which police were able to)Tj
T*(solve.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cooley and Soen turned to the local Anti-Bigotry Coalition to counsel them)Tj
T*(through the ordeal. The Metropolitan Human Rights Coalition set up a special hot)Tj
T*(line to receive tips on the perpetrators. Police questioned several suspected)Tj
T*(skinheads and neo-Nazis, and even arrested one man who was seen watching the)Tj
T*(cross burn in Cooley's yard, but later said they didn't believe he was)Tj
T*(responsible.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Azalea Cooley became, to paraphrase a local journalist, a "poster child" for)Tj
T*(Portland's victimized classes, i.e., the black, handicapped and gay/lesbian)Tj
T*(communities. She reveled in her victimhood and eagerly accepted the role of a)Tj
T*(martyr. On Sunday, 1 November 1992, she helped lead a rally and march named)Tj
T*("Take A Stand Against Hate" through Portland. Photos of Cooley being pushed in)Tj
T*(her wheelchair at the head of the march were widely published. She became a)Tj
T*(symbol of the fight against bigotry and prejudice on as grand scale. On the very)Tj
T*(morning of the march, someone set fire to a cross on Cooley's lawn. Unbeknown to)Tj
T*(Cooley and Soen, however, this time police cameras recorded the incident. 51)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(That same evening police arrived and searched the Cooley-Soen residence. They)Tj
T*(said they found items in the house "consistent with materials used in the cross)Tj
T*(burning." The videotape showed that the person who lit the cross had come from)Tj
T*(inside the house. Susan Soen, who had filed the original hate crime complaints,)Tj
T*(was served with a warrant for initiating a false police report, a Class C)Tj
T*(misdemeanor. She was placed on administrative suspension at the Multnomah County)Tj
T*(Jail, where she had been a line supervisor for 15 years. No charges were filed)Tj
T*(against Cooley at that time.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Scott Lively, spokesman for the Oregon Citizens Alliance, a group opposing)Tj
T*(special civil rights protections for homosexuals known as Ballot Measure #9,)Tj
T*(made political hay of the arrest. He said)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("This vindicates our position that the No on 9 campaign has been basing their)Tj
T*(position on fraud. I think there is high emotion on both sides; but when a)Tj
T*(black, crippled woman in a wheelchair starts burning crosses in her own yard,)Tj
T*(it's fraud and a sad day for the community. I think it exposes what we have been)Tj
T*(saying all along.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On November 20, 1992, The Oregonian, a Portland daily, reported that Azalea)Tj
T*(Cooley had "confessed to staging the cross burnings, death threats and)Tj
T*(vandalism." Cooley admitted that "the hate crimes that happened at our home were)Tj
T*(my doing." In June, 1993, federal judge Helen J. Frye placed Cooley on two years)Tj
T*(probation for lying to an FBI agent. She was also ordered to spend four months)Tj
T*(in house arrest. The charges against Soen, who had filed a defamation lawsuit)Tj
T*(against sheriff's officers involved in the investigation, were still pending at)Tj
T*(the time of this writing.)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*("A special grand jury cleared Mr. Pagones of any involvement in the Brawley case)Tj
T*(and concluded Miss Brawley fabricated the story.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(As the Brawley incident was capturing headlines in Wappingers Falls, 25 miles)Tj
T*(away in Kingston, New York, another racial hate crime hoax was brewing. Police)Tj
T*(had discovered the nude body of 19-year-old Anna Kithcart, a black woman, who)Tj
T*(had been strangled, beaten and killed. On both thighs were carved the initials)Tj
T*("KKK," an obvious reference to the Ku Klux Klan. The community was shocked and)Tj
T*(it seemed clear that malignant racism had once again struck an innocent black)Tj
T*(person.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(But not for long. Within days police investigation focused on Jeffrey Allen)Tj
T*(Dawson, a 29-year-old black man with a criminal record. Dawson was arrested)Tj
T*(after he made incriminating statements about the murder to a wired undercover)Tj
T*(policeman. Kingston Police Department sources said the murder was apparently)Tj
T*(drug related. As for the alleged Ku Klux Klan connection, Ulster County District)Tj
T*(Attorney Michael Kavanagh said)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Nothing would lead us to believe that this murder was committed by members of)Tj
T*(any racial hate group such as the Ku Klux Klan.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Interestingly, two Brawley family advisers, Rev. Al Sharpton and Alton Maddox,)Tj
T*(Jr., got on the band wagon in this case, too. Sharpton and Maddox were soon)Tj
T*(conducting their own investigation in the slaying. Said Maddox, "I believe it)Tj
T*(was a racially motivated crime.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(October 1991: two cross burnings are reported South Seattle, Washington. The)Tj
T*(first cross was 30 inches tall; the second cross never actually ignited. Aaron)Tj
T*(Briggs, one of the victims, said "It makes me mad that we have not come as far)Tj
T*(as I thought we had come." Predictably, the Ku Klux Klan- style "cross burnings")Tj
T*(sent a shock through the community. Sensitivities were raised, racism was)Tj
T*(deplored and anti-racist forces were energized. Three months later the monster)Tj
T*(was captured. Unlike most other cases, where the culprit is vilified and)Tj
T*(condemned and where no excuse whatsoever will do, this case was reported with)Tj
T*(kindness and understanding, and with a charity and compassion unusual in stories)Tj
T*(of racist criminals. Here is why:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("When they heard the confession of a troubled 16-year-old who admitted he was)Tj
T*(behind a string of cross-burnings and racial vandalism against black people in)Tj
T*(South Seattle, police were stunned and saddened. 50)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The youth, who also is black, told police he committed the acts of vandalism to)Tj
T*(create fear that would attract the media. Capt. Douglas Dills, who heads the)Tj
T*(police section that investigates malicious harassment, or hate crimes, said it)Tj
T*(appears that the youth had a fascination with both national and local media)Tj
T*(coverage of racism and racial incidents. The teenager is not only under)Tj
T*(suspicion in a string of malicious harassment cases, but in several arsons as)Tj
T*(well.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The newspaper also reported that "The youth might have been inspired by a Phil)Tj
T*(Donahue TV show the day before about hate crimes," according to police. The)Tj
T*(arrest cleared up-a large number of unsolved cases of allegedly)Tj
T*(racially-motivated crimes in the community," all registered in the statistics)Tj
T*(kept by anti-racist groups.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One of the most convoluted and bizarre hate crime hoaxes was exposed in)Tj
T*(Portland, Oregon, in October, 1992. Hoaxes can be very elaborate, and almost)Tj
T*(always require some degree of planning. But the case of Azalea Cooley, 40, a)Tj
T*(black lesbian, involved a series of misrepresentations, distortions and out+)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(39 Theresa Walker, "Black Campus Officer Admits Planting Racist Fliers," The San)Tj
T*(Bernardino County Sun \(27 March 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 5)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Blacks)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(By far the largest number of hoax incidents involve black victims and non-black)Tj
T*(\(usually white\) offenders. This is true both on the campus and in the community.)Tj
T*(The most common motive is to capitalize on the psychological benefits of)Tj
T*(victimization or to promote a specific personal, social or political agenda, but)Tj
T*(other motives such as insurance fraud and attempts to cover up other crimes are)Tj
T*(not uncommon. Some hoaxes are simple pranks that got out of hand but the)Tj
T*(majority involve some degree of planning and deliberate organization.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cases)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In November 1987 a black Wappingers Falls, New York, teenager, Tawana Brawley,)Tj
T*(claimed to have been kidnapped for several days, raped by white men, smeared)Tj
T*(with dog feces, placed in a plastic garbage bag and marked with racial slurs.)Tj
T*(The case quickly became a cause célèbre, with editorials, marches, and)Tj
T*(politicians and media personalities deploring the incident and the "racist)Tj
T*(climate" that obviously led to it. Rev. Al Sharpton, a black activist with a)Tj
T*(shady background, became spokesman for the Brawley family and insisted that)Tj
T*("justice be done" and the white men responsible be prosecuted. The incident)Tj
T*(fueled support for hate crime legislation around the nation as the case was)Tj
T*(reported nightly on network news.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Tawana Brawley and her handlers basked in nationwide attention and she acquired)Tj
T*(victim status on a scale rarely seen. Discrepancies in her story were evident)Tj
T*(from the very beginning. A claim that she had been raped and brutalized by three)Tj
T*(white police officers quickly fizzled out under examination. A detailed)Tj
T*(investigation determined that she was seen by friends during the period she said)Tj
T*(she was held captive and that she spent much of this time in an apartment)Tj
T*(previously rented by her family. Other elements of her story were gradually)Tj
T*(eliminated one by one and police subsequently reported that the Brawley case was)Tj
T*(a massive fabrication and hoax. what made the Brawley case outstanding was the)Tj
T*(incredible media feeding frenzy that took place. Although there was reason for)Tj
T*(skepticism virtually from the beginning, newspaper and television media were)Tj
T*(slow to pick up on the implausible nature of the allegations. Only after the)Tj
T*(doubt was substantial and clearly pointing in the direction of a hoax was the)Tj
T*(public informed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(New York Post columnist Eric Breindel commented that radical attorney William)Tj
T*(Kunstler had said, concerning the Brawley case, "It makes no difference anymore)Tj
T*(whether the attack on Tawana really happened...a lot of black woman are treated)Tj
T*(the way she says she was treated.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Three years after the case broke the Brawley matter was still being litigated.)Tj
T*(According to news reports, 49)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A county prosecutor was defamed by a black teen-ager who falsely claimed he was)Tj
T*(one of six white men who abducted and raped her, a judge ruled. State Supreme)Tj
T*(Court Judge Ralph. Beisner ruled Tuesday that Tawana Brawley intentionally)Tj
T*(inflicted emotional distress on Steven Pagones, a former assistant district)Tj
T*(attorney for Dutchess County...)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(16 "DeKalb Won't Prosecute In Emory Case," Associated BIQSS \(26 June 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(17 Alan Dershowitz, Racial Hoax With A Sour Echo," \(26 June 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(18 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19James Feron, "Jewish Student Accused of Faking Anti-Semitism," New York Times)Tj
T*(\(15 September 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(20 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(21 Marilyn Sall, "Student Leader Charged With Vandalism," Jewish Week \(29)Tj
T*(September 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(22 Steven N. Levine, "Police: Accused Vandal Meant No Harm." Press and)Tj
T*(Sun-Bulletin \(15 September 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(23 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(24 Marilyn Sall, "Antisemitic Graffiti 'daubed by a Jew.'" Jewish Chronicle \(29)Tj
T*(September 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(25 Naomi Godfrey, "Jewish Student Acquitted of Vandalism. Jewish Week \(22)Tj
T*(December 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(26 Fox Butterfield, "Quote From 'Mein Kampf' Ignites Furor At Dartmouth." New)Tj
T*(York Times \(2 October 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(27 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(28 William E. Simon, "Demagoguery At Dartmouth," Campus \(Winter 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(29 "Review of Dartmouth Finds No Discrimination," Associated Press \(1 January)Tj
T*(1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(30 Robert E. Hisseck, "Roselle Han Is Accused of Racist Graffiti," Newark)Tj
T*(Star-Ledger \(13 December 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(31 Associated Press, "Student Says Racial 'Harassment' Hoax," Colorado Springs)Tj
T*(Sun \(1 October 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(32 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(33 "Interracial Attacks At Berkeley High," San Jose Mercury News \(20 December)Tj
T*(1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(34 "Black Journalist Says He Wrote Racist Flyer," San Francisco Examiner \(22)Tj
T*(December 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(35 Robert Hollis, "Identity Revealed of Author of Racially Inflammatory Flier,")Tj
T*(Oakland Tribune \(21 December 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(36 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(37 United Press International, "Fake Ads Anger Blacks," Reading Eagle \(29)Tj
T*(January 1979\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(38 Arlo Wagner, "19-year-old Pleads Guilty to Trashing Rockville School,")Tj
T*(Washington Times \(2 October 1990\).)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(Kovach, said Mr. Bonner took the lead. The incident, as intended, was originally)Tj
T*(reported as a hate crime.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(At San Bernardino Valley College a campus officer brought Ku Klux Klan fliers to)Tj
T*(work in order to make others aware that such literature was being circulated.)Tj
T*(The fliers were left on a table so other officers could familiarize themselves)Tj
T*(with them. However, when Arthur Johnson, 37, a black campus security officer,)Tj
T*(found one of the fliers in his campus mailbox in January 1992, he charged that)Tj
T*(fellow officers had placed it there as a form of harassment.' Later, he)Tj
T*(confessed to placing the fliers in his mailbox himself. News reports noted that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Johnson's accusations ..prompted an FBI investigation and sparked complaints)Tj
T*(about alleged racism.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Reached at home by phone, Johnson declined to say much. 'I want to make all the)Tj
T*(right moves,' said Johnson, a five-year veteran of the campus police force. 'Let)Tj
T*(me see what their hand is going to be. You know I'm no fool or anything. You)Tj
T*(know I had a reason.'")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chancellor Stuart Bundy commented that the affair had taken a serious toll on)Tj
T*(the college. "That department has been totally demoralized, the board of)Tj
T*(trustees has been charged as racist," he said. 40)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1 Clifford Cain, "NWHSU Battles Campus Racism," Daily Forum, 31 October 1988.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 Robert Manor, "Student Says He Lied About Racist Threats," St. Louis)Tj
T*(Post-Dispatch, 7 December 1988.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Fred Hares, "Student Admits He Lied About Threats," Kansas City Times, 6)Tj
T*(December 1988.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 Flyer)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 John Noltensmeyer, "Expert Doubts Existence of Hate Group," The Oread Review)Tj
T*(\(April 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 "Black Student Posted Racist Notes," Chronicle of Higher Education \(24)Tj
T*(February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 "A Test Of Racism Produces An Uproar," New York Times \(17 February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(ll Marilyn Pitts, "Slippery Rock Ousts Slur Writer." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)Tj
T*(\(26 February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12 Michael J. Berens, "Detectives in Class Started Hail Probe," Columbus)Tj
T*(Dispatch \(21 December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l3 Michael J. Berens, "Hate-Mail Case Sends Teacher to Court Today." Columbus)Tj
T*(Dispatch \(20 December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(14 Sonya Ross, "Officials Think Student Fabricated Racist Threats," Associated)Tj
T*(Press \(2 February 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15 "Campus Racism: Seeking The Real Victim," Newsweek \(21 May 1990\).)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(with a lot of problems.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Berkeley, California, police reported that there had been four attacks on white)Tj
T*(students by black students at Berkeley High School following the appearance of a)Tj
T*(racist leaflet on the campus in December 1991. The leaflet thanked blacks for)Tj
T*(killing one another in gang violence, among other things, and mimicked the)Tj
T*(stereotype of a white supremacist production.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Two days later police had located the flyer's author. He was black journalist)Tj
T*(Matthew Stelly, a reporter for the black weekly Milwaukee Courier. The flyer)Tj
T*(claimed to originate from the Ku Klux Klan.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Handed out to students at a Berkeley public transportation station, the leaflet)Tj
T*(brought an almost immediate reaction. According to Oakland Tribune reporter)Tj
T*(Robert Hollis,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("That morning, seven or eight black teenagers, who school officials said were)Tj
T*(angry over the leaflet, attacked a number of white students, four of whom were)Tj
T*(injured. Police arrested one 15-year-old sophomore after he was identified as)Tj
T*(one of the assailants.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Stelly is quoted as saying he wrote the flyer as a "reverse psychological+ cal ploy)Tj
T*(to try to get these people \(gang members\) to stop this madness.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Planned carefully, the risk of discovery of a racial hoax is minimal. However,)Tj
T*(even when a hoax is discovered it may still serve its intended purpose.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An example of this occurred at Pennsylvania State University at State College)Tj
T*(when "an unidentified man" placed six help-wanted ads in the student newspaper)Tj
T*(asking for "colored nannies" in January 1979. The expected \(and intended\))Tj
T*(outrage resulted in several demands upon the administration: gag "About 75)Tj
T*(students met with Provost Edward D. Eddy and demanded that the school increase)Tj
T*(the number of black students, professors and programs and provide more financial)Tj
T*(aid for blacks.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The newspaper printed an apology in its help-wanted columns, but editor David)Tj
T*(Skidmore said a second apology would not be run He said the incident was being)Tj
T*(used to bring attention to a host of complaints by local black organizations.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The six phoney ads had been accepted by a junior staff member and were not)Tj
T*(approved by the newspaper's senior staff. The hoax was discovered after a search)Tj
T*(for the man who placed the ads. It was learned that the ads originally appeared)Tj
T*(in a South African newspaper and that they were placed in opposition t0 South)Tj
T*(Africa's racial policies.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Two break-ins at Richard Montgomery High School in Rockville, Maryland, resulted)Tj
T*(in an incredible $650,000 in damages in February, 1990. Included in this figure)Tj
T*(was damage to the library, computers, storage and administration offices. In)Tj
T*(addition, gas jets were opened in the chemistry laboratory filling the school)Tj
T*(with natural gas, threatening an explosion. According to news s reports:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The culprits, in an effort to implicate white-supremacist 'skinheads,' drew)Tj
T*(swastikas on the walls and books and left threatening, anti-Semitic messages)Tj
T*(signed by "Nazi Youth.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Investigators soon found those responsible when two students reported another)Tj
T*(student's account of the destruction.I Arrested were Jason Wesley Knight, 19,)Tj
T*(who is black, and Stephen Lawrence Bonner, 18, who is Jewish. Bonner reportedly)Tj
T*(said that Knight wanted to destroy the school, and Knight's attorney, Myra P.)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(bought them no protection from from false charges of antiSemitism.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The substitution was immediately recognized as sabotage. Review editors and)Tj
T*(staff quickly apologized, even taking out ads in the campus newspaper, and began)Tj
T*(searching for the culprit. Amazingly, Dartmouth University President James)Tj
T*(Freedman, along with numerous leftist student groups and off-campus journalists,)Tj
T*(persisted in treating the quotation as if it actually represented the policies)Tj
T*(of the paper and was the collective responsibility of everybody who wrote for)Tj
T*(it. "Appalling bigotry of this kind has no place at the college or in this)Tj
T*(country," Freedman said. Review editor-in-chief Kevin Prichett, who is black and)Tj
T*(rather sensitive to racism, was not amused. "Our knowledge is that it was an)Tj
T*(inside job" by one or more staff members," he said.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Freedman's tirade against the Review was so vituperative that former U. S.)Tj
T*(Treasury Secretary William E. Simon responded in an essay in the flew York Times)Tj
T*(to the effect that,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("[Freedman] led the campus in a nationally-publicized rally against hate that)Tj
T*(quickly metamorphosed into an instrument of hate -- hate directed against)Tj
T*(student journalists who, as a result, suffered death-warnings, threats of)Tj
T*(violence, as well as mean-spirited accusations.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(As a result of the furor, and as a result of complaints about the Review's)Tj
T*(editorial content from "anti-racist" groups, Barry Palmer, chairman of New)Tj
T*(Hampshire's Human Rights Commission, undertook a review of two year's back)Tj
T*(copies of the paper. Said Palmer:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I read every single thing they wrote about teachers. I reviewed editorials and)Tj
T*(editorial cartoons. And I didn't find any hint of bigotry or prejudice. After)Tj
T*(reviewing two. years of the publication, I began wondering what all the fuss was)Tj
T*(about.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Although no one was ever charged in the hoax, suspicion boiled down to a couple)Tj
T*(of staff members who have since left the paper.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Pedro House, Jr., of Cranford, New Jersey, was caught in the act of painting a)Tj
T*(series of racist and anti-Semitic slurs on a restroom wall inside a building on)Tj
T*(Union County College's Cranford campus in December 1989. House, who is black, is)Tj
T*(a postal employee in South Orange, New Jersey, and a part time student at the)Tj
T*(college. Cranford Police Captain Harry Wilde said that offensive graffiti was)Tj
T*(found in the same restroom on eight different days within the past two months.)Tj
T*(The graffiti had become an issue around which anti-racist groups had rallied on)Tj
T*(the campus.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police also seized materials allegedly used to mark the drawings and epithets,)Tj
T*(which included3Bwastikas and quotations about white power, Adolf Hitler, Jews)Tj
T*(and blacks. House had been active in anti-racist movements. 44)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(John Grace, a black freshman at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont, had)Tj
T*(been at school less than a week in September 1983, before he got the first)Tj
T*(racist note taped to his window. The next day he got a second note, which said)Tj
T*("Die Nigger." Blacks on the campus rallied to his side. Erica Honnacott, dean of)Tj
T*(students, began her investigation to uncover the horrible racist who had)Tj
T*(victimized Grace. She didn't have to look far.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We conducted a vast handwriting check and it was pretty clear it was his)Tj
T*(handwriting. He was confronted with it and admitted he had done it.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In addition to the fake notes, Grace had also broken a window. The school)Tj
T*(however did not press charges. Ms. Wonnacott said, "He's obviously a young man)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(sprayed the day after the 50th anniversary of Kristallnacht, when Nazis)Tj
T*(terrorized Jews in 1938 Germany. Authorities investigating the incident soon)Tj
T*(zeroed in on a suspect He was James Oppenheim, former President of the Jewish)Tj
T*(Student Union.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to the B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation in Washington, Jewish students)Tj
T*(represent fifty percent of the school's enrollment, one of the highest ratios at)Tj
T*(any public university in the nation. SUNY-Binghamton's president, Raymond E.)Tj
T*(Dye, responded to the accusation with the statement that Oppenheim "is entitled)Tj
T*(to full participation in all aspects of university life" and that "this should)Tj
T*(not be an occasion for prejudging a person or a group.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In September 1989, Oppenheim, 20, was arrested by state police and charged with)Tj
T*(fourth-degree criminal mischief and third-degree false reporting of a crime.)Tj
T*(These relatively minor misdemeanor offenses rarely result in jail time upon)Tj
T*(conviction.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The manner in which this case was handled is a fascinating study. State Police)Tj
T*(investigator Charles Gould, responsible for filing the charges, said of)Tj
T*(Oppenheim, "He's not a bad kid!" The Binghampton Press & Sun Bulletin quoted)Tj
T*(police investigators as saying)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Oppenheim was trying to broaden recognition of anti-Semitism following a)Tj
T*(mediocre showing at a memorial to the victims of the Nazi Kristallnacht)Tj
T*(program.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Student Association President Craig Spiegel read a statement that warned against)Tj
T*(judging Oppenheim before due process takes its course, and reminding students)Tj
T*(that "anti-Semitism, racism, sexism, homophobia and other forms of oppression)Tj
T*(existed on our campus." Three weeks later Oppenheim was elected to the Harpur)Tj
T*(College Council. Harpur is the liberal arts college at SUNY Binghamton. Rabbi)Tj
T*(Arnold Fertig described Oppenheim as an "emotional, highly-committed young man)Tj
T*(devoted to Jewish causes on the campus.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In addition to being portrayed as sincere if misguided, Oppenheim had another)Tj
T*(advantage. His father was an attorney and knew that the evidence against his son)Tj
T*(could be challenged. Aside from non-specified circumstantial evidence, the)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(in his desk at the Jewish Student Center. This would seem incriminating enough,)Tj
T*(but the case was made that Oppenheim had just picked up the can and hid it so it)Tj
T*(wouldn't get lost. The Judge accepted his account and in December 1989, James)Tj
T*(Oppenheim was acquitted of all charges. In fairness, the decision for acquittal)Tj
T*(should be respected. At the time of this writing no one else had been)Tj
T*(apprehended and there were no other suspects.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Dartmouth Review, a politically conservative student weekly newspaper, had)Tj
T*(been a thorn in the side of high-ranking administrators, some professors, and)Tj
T*(campus leftists at Dartmouth University in New Hampshire for ten years. Its)Tj
T*(editors have been harassed and vilified for their values, opinions and beliefs,)Tj
T*(and their more extreme critics have gone so far as to accuse them of racism and)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism. These critics had their fondest dreams fulfilled when a copy of)Tj
T*(the Review appeared on the eve of Yom Kippur on October 3, 1990 with their usual)Tj
T*(credo, a quotation from former U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt, replaced with)Tj
T*(a quotation from no less than Adolf Hitler himself.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I believe today that I am acting in the sense of the Almighty Creator. By)Tj
T*(warding off the Jews I am fighting s for the Lord's work." 26)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Interestingly, like many conservative campus publications, the Review has been)Tj
T*(exceedingly strong in its support of Israel against the Palestinians, but that)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(The unequal treatment of Smith and Hamlet raised considerable controversy on the)Tj
T*(campus. Smith was immediately suspended without a hearing after being accused of)Tj
T*(sending the fliers, while University officials appointed a "fact-finding)Tj
T*(committee" to investigate the charges against Hamlet. Also, Smith was arrested)Tj
T*(at the school and hauled off in handcuffs to a patrol car.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One would think that such a damaging fabrication would have ended Hamlet's)Tj
T*(career. At last report, however, she had returned to Kent State University to)Tj
T*(complete a phd. Michael Smith subsequently filed suit against the University for)Tj
T*($6 million and was awarded an undisclosed amount in 1990.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Atlanta, Georgia, a black freshman at Emory University claimed she had been)Tj
T*(the victim of racist attacks in her school dorm in April 1990. She had)Tj
T*(discovered the phrases "Hang Nigger" and "Die, Nigger, Die" written under a rug)Tj
T*(in her closet, as well as scrawled on her tampons in a drawer. Sabrina Collins,)Tj
T*(18, also claimed to have received two letters threatening to lynch her. In)Tj
T*(addition, bleach was poured on some of her clothes and stuffed animals, and the)Tj
T*(phrase "nigger, hang" was written on the wall of her closet. Despite an alarm)Tj
T*(that police installed in Collin's room, the incidents continued. Police)Tj
T*(eventually determined that a threatening letter had a grammatical error the)Tj
T*("victim" commonly made, that it was typed on the sort of typewriter found at her)Tj
T*(place of employment, and it had no fingerprints on it but hers. In the meantime,)Tj
T*(Collins was hospitalized and became mute. Two weeks later she was released after)Tj
T*(having recovered her speech.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The incident triggered a march by 700 students and a sit-in in front of the)Tj
T*(administration demanding a "crackdown on campus racism." Black leaders in)Tj
T*(Atlanta got into the act, perpetuating demands against hate crimes. Although it)Tj
T*(was speculated virtually from the start that Collins might be responsible for)Tj
T*(the events, considerations of "sensitivity" kept a lid on this aspect of the)Tj
T*(case for several months. Finally, police reports were leaked that confirmed)Tj
T*(suspicions.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(DeKalb County prosecutor Ralph Bowden announced that he will not pursue charges)Tj
T*(against Collins l6. He said that Collins needs "counseling and treatment, not)Tj
T*(prosecution.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Collins case is interesting in a number of respects. Otis Smith of the)Tj
T*(Atlanta chapter of the NAACP, perhaps without realizing it, admitted the utility)Tj
T*(of hoaxes in the following statement,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It doesn't matter to me whether she did it or not, because of all the pressure)Tj
T*(these black students are under at these predominantly white schools. If this)Tj
T*(will highlight it, if it will bring it to the attention of the public, I have no)Tj
T*(problem with that.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to Harvard Law School Professor Alan Dershowitz, "Miss Collins first)Tj
T*(submitted her reports of racial harassment shortly after she was formally)Tj
T*(accused of cheating on a chemistry test." Dershowitz noted that the "ends)Tj
T*(justifies the means when it comes to racism" mentality will inevitably lead to)Tj
T*(false accusations being directed at innocent people.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A widely publicized case of anti-Semitic graffiti bears special attention)Tj
T*(because of the manner in which it was handled, although the suspected)Tj
T*(perpetrator was eventually acquitted of the charges.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Students at the State University of New York in Binghamton were shocked to find)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic slogans spray-painted inside the door of the Jewish Student Union)Tj
T*(office in November 1988. The slogans, "Kill Kikes" and "Zionazi Racists", were)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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T*(1993 to find three racial slurs written on notebook paper posted on the door of)Tj
T*(the Black Student Union building. The event took place five days before the)Tj
T*(start of Black History Month. The campus convulsed with social consciousness)Tj
T*(spasms and indignant speeches condemning racism. 7.7 percent of the students at)Tj
T*(Williams are black. The notes posted on Rice House had said "Die Niggers", 5 "Go)Tj
T*(home niggers," and "Niggers are worth less than dirt under this house.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Black Student Union covered the campus with posters deploring the act and)Tj
T*(challenging students to examine themselves for racist attitudes. Shortly)Tj
T*(afterwards, Dean Joan Edwards informed the campus, without specifying the)Tj
T*(student's race, that a student had confessed to the act. Although rumors spread)Tj
T*(on the campus, it was fully 10 days before the Williams Record, the campus)Tj
T*(newspaper, reported that Gilbert Moore, a black student, had been suspended.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Interestingly, even though Moore had informed the Black Student Union of his)Tj
T*(acts when he confessed to university authorities, the BSU continue to exploit)Tj
T*(the incident as a bona fide case of white racism until the student newspaper)Tj
T*(reported otherwise. The newspaper Bad criticized the BSU for perpetrating "an)Tj
T*(implicit lie" through silence.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In February 1993 Lewis Williams, 19, a black sophomore and resident dormitory)Tj
T*(assistant at Slippery Rock University near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, returned to)Tj
T*(his room to find a racial epithet -- "Head Nigger" -- scrawled on his door with)Tj
T*(a black marker. Two other black students, James Kenney and Darryle Carpenter,)Tj
T*(also found the word "Nigger" on the door of the room they share in the same)Tj
T*(building.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(When Williams reported the incidents, he opined that the slurs were related to)Tj
T*(Black History Month, currently being observed on the campus. The incident)Tj
T*(reminded students of an off-campus cross-burning three years before, in which)Tj
T*(two white students were expelled and charged with ethnic intimidation and)Tj
T*(harassment. As might be expected, the campus was electrified. Williams, a member)Tj
T*(of the Black Action Society, was quoted in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette as saying)Tj
T*(that "Racism is not something you're born with. It's something you're taught." 1)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Students didn't have to wait long for the culprit to come clean. It was Williams)Tj
T*(himself, who confessed to both incidents before campus police. Police filed)Tj
T*(criminal mischief \(a summary offense\) and ethnic intimidation charges \(a)Tj
T*(misdemeanor\) against Williams -- neither of which was likely to involve jail)Tj
T*(time.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An attempted racist frame-up occurred at Ohio Dominican College in Columbus, in)Tj
T*(December 1988 when white student Michael A. Smith, 22, found himself under)Tj
T*(arrest for sending threatening letters to 13 black students and faculty members.)Tj
T*(The threats were worded in the same way as was a section of a term paper on)Tj
T*(prejudice he had submitted to Janice D. Hamlet, a black teacher at the school.i)Tj
T*(Hamlet had pointed out the similarities in the documents which immediately)Tj
T*(implicated Smith. The letters stated: "Death to All Niggers and Dumb Puerto)Tj
T*(Ricans." 1)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, two Columbus police detectives who had taken a class from Hamlet took)Tj
T*(an interest in the case. Hamlet had been outraged by Smith's use of the word)Tj
T*("nigger" in his term paper and had tried unsuccessfully to get him expelled.)Tj
T*(Forensic examination of the envelopes the threatening letters had been mailed in)Tj
T*(turned up Hamlet's fingerprints and an examination of her typewriter determined)Tj
T*(that the letters had been written on it. In fact, she had copied part of Smith's)Tj
T*(essay and mailed it to the 13 blacks and then "discovered" that they were worded)Tj
T*(in the same manner. Ethnic intimidation charges against Smith were dropped and)Tj
T*(Hamlet was charged with two felony counts of ethnic intimidation and two)Tj
T*(misdemeanor accounts of aggravated menacing.)Tj
ET
endstream
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T*(throughout the campus. The fliers contained neo-Nazi icons, a border resembling)Tj
T*(a series of swastikas, a flaming sword, and three imperial eagles at the bottom.)Tj
T*(The content of the flyer was calculated to provoke the radical anti-racist and)Tj
T*(multicultural forces on the campus. It stated, in part)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Aren't you tired of minority special interest groups being given preferential)Tj
T*(treatment on this campus.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("As the radical minority pressure groups indulge in historical revisionism, it)Tj
T*(is our duty to oppose the orgy of whitemale bashing threatening to destroy the)Tj
T*(academic structure of our university.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Join your Brothers on Friday, January 17 on Nescoe Beach at Noon to show the)Tj
T*(administration and the community of cultural extortionists the power of our)Tj
T*(voices. We must be heard!")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(When the appointed date came the area was filled with 200 "anti-racist,")Tj
T*(feminist, gay rights and multicultural counter demonstrators, all expressing)Tj
T*(their indignation over the message on the flyer. Led by Ann Neick, chairwoman of)Tj
T*(the Lawrence Alliance and Dean of the Social Welfare department at the)Tj
T*(University, the group was apparently disappointed that no one from the)Tj
T*(Conservative Christian Crusade had decided to appear. Nevertheless, a good)Tj
T*(consciousness-raising time was had by all, including speeches condemning racism,)Tj
T*(sexism, homophobia, and so on.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In point of fact, there was no such group as the Conservative Christian Crusade.)Tj
T*(A hunt on and off the campus failed to turn up a single member, or even anyone)Tj
T*(who said they had heard of the organization prior to the fliers. The KU)Tj
T*(Department of Religious Studies was not familiar with the group. Campus police)Tj
T*(checked all local print shops and failed to find any who had printed the fliers.)Tj
T*(KU police Lt. John Mullens said, "As far as we know, there is no organization)Tj
T*(whatsoever by that name." He also said he thought the flyer was a hoax. This)Tj
T*(writer contacted the few bona fide right-wing students on the campus and none of)Tj
T*(them had heard of the group, although they acknowledged they would like to.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Laird Wilcox, former KU student and founder of the Wilcox Collection of)Tj
T*(Contemporary Political movements...said that the flyer was obviously designed to)Tj
T*(stigmatize the ideas associated with and arouse anger and hatred toward them.)Tj
T*('The quasi-swastika, the burning sword, [and] the imperial eagles are not)Tj
T*(particularly subtle attempts to evoke Nazi connotations, both on a conscious and)Tj
T*(subconscious basis,' he said. 'The terms 'conservative' and 'Christian,' as well)Tj
T*(as the reference to skin color and sex, white-male bashing and 'brothers' name)Tj
T*(the groups intended to be stigmatized.')Tj
T*()Tj
T*('The reference to the 'academic structure of our University' completes the)Tj
T*(suggestion of linkage between the interests of 'conservative Christians,' 'white)Tj
T*(males,' Nazi images actually a rather clever creation.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Wilcox also said that any thinking 'conservative Christian' or 'white male')Tj
T*(activist would realize that the flyer would create a negative response and would)Tj
T*(be entirely counterproductive.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l 'Ask yourself who actually benefitted from this incident? It certainly wasn't)Tj
T*(any 'conservative Christians' or 'white males,' who wound up being portrayed as)Tj
T*(Nazi sympathizers and racists.')Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A year-and-a-half after the incident an ongoing investigation had failed to turn)Tj
T*(up any trace of the group, Conservative Christian Crusade.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Black students at Williams College in Massachusetts were horrified in February)Tj
ET
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T*(Chapter 4)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On The Campus)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The college and university campus, because of its young and imaginative)Tj
T*(population, and also because of the immense pressure for "political)Tj
T*(correctness," is a hotbed of sensitivity and awareness of ethnicity and race. It)Tj
T*(is not surprising that a large number of hoaxes and pranks occur there,)Tj
T*(including some of the more imaginative cases. It's also on the campus that most)Tj
T*(of the unreported hoaxes occur, i.e., they are discovered to be hoaxes early)Tj
T*(enough that they simply are never reported in the campus or community press.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cases)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Quentin E. Banks, a black student at Northwest Missouri University in Maryville,)Tj
T*(reported a "racially motivated" assault and death threats against himself to)Tj
T*(university officials in October 1988. Following extensive media attention,)Tj
T*(rumors of a Ku Klux Klavern among NMU students emerged and the campus shifted)Tj
T*(into a crisis atmosphere. Even the President of NMU, Dean Hubbard, bought the)Tj
T*(story, saying:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("We believe the klavern is made up of about five students, who are distributing)Tj
T*(the leaflets and letters on the students' cars and under their doors. The U. S.)Tj
T*(Marshall's office and the FBI have told us that this is a violation of the)Tj
T*(students' civil rights. We'll catch one of 'em these days at it." 1)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(At a campus rally some two hundred students, faculty and administrators)Tj
T*(protested that racism, instigated by the Ku Klux Klan, did not belong on the)Tj
T*(campus or in Maryville, and that it would not be tolerated.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In fact, there was no Klavern at NMU, although as many as 15 black students had)Tj
T*(reported finding Ku Klux Klan fliers on windshields and dormitory doors. James)Tj
T*(A. Moran, "Grand Dragon" of a two-man KKK "Klavern" in nearby Kansas City, took)Tj
T*(advantage of the publicity and announced that "We'll grow and prosper off their)Tj
T*(paranoia" with plans to exploit the situation. Newspaper accounts portrayed the)Tj
T*(campus as a hotbed of racism as the situation gained the national spotlight.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The case unraveled a month later when the principal "victim" came clean and)Tj
T*(confessed to having fabricated the entire story. On the strength of the original)Tj
T*(complaint by Banks, 18, the university had summoned assistance from the F.B.I.)Tj
T*(and a special unit of the Justice Department. Later, when President Hubbard)Tj
T*(began noticing inconsistencies in Banks' account of the alleged incidents, he)Tj
T*(summoned a special investigator from the Missouri Highway Patrol. During the)Tj
T*(course of an interrogation by Sgt. Larry R. Stobbs of the patrol, Banks broke)Tj
T*(down and confessed to his hoax.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(During the several-week period when Banks' story had been believed, he had been)Tj
T*(a campus hero, talked about and admired for his "victimization." 1 School)Tj
T*(officials encouraged Banks to address freshman classes on his alleged)Tj
T*(experiences. According to Hubbard, the student became "the center of much)Tj
T*(attention" following the incidents. 1)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Banks was subsequently suspended from school for two years. He claims that all)Tj
T*(he did was "devise a really big calculated plan to test university policy" on)Tj
T*(non-discrimination.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(At the University of Kansas at Lawrence, students awoke one January 1992 morning)Tj
T*(to find fliers from a purported "Conservative Christian Crusade" posted)Tj
ET
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T*(Kansas City Jewish Chronicle \(17 September 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l0 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(ll William Loren Katz, Eyewitness: The Negro in American History, \(New York:)Tj
T*(Pitman Pub. Corp., 1971\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l2 United Press International, "Physician Wants 'Perpetual Lie' of Blood)Tj
T*(Pioneer's Death Erased," Greensboro News \(12 July 1982\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(13 Cecil Adams, "The Straight Dope," City Paper \(24 November 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l4 King Plagiarized, Panel Finds," New York Times \(October 11, 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l5 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(16 Robert D. McFadden, et al., The Story Behind The Tawana. Brawley Hoax \(New)Tj
T*(York: Bantam Books, 1990\); Associated Press, "Brawley's Rape Story A Lie, N.Y.)Tj
T*(Attorney General . Says," New York Times \(7 October 1988\): Ralph Blumenthal, et)Tj
T*(. al., Evidence Points To Deceit By Brawley," New York Times \(27 September)Tj
T*(1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l7 Barbara Sullivan, "Three Arsons Ignite Old Fear of AntiSemitism," Chicago)Tj
T*(Tribune \(1 September 1983\); Richard L. Madden, "Fires at Connecticut Jewish)Tj
T*(Sites Laid to a Synagogue Member, 17," New York Times \(14 December 1983\).:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l8 Sullivan, Op Cit., Richard L. Madden, "Youth Is Charged In Blazes at)Tj
T*(Synagogues," New York Times \(14 December 1983\); Associated Press \(26 January)Tj
T*(1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19 Sonya Ross, "Officials Think Student Fabricated Racist Threats," Associated)Tj
T*(Press \(2 February 1990\); "Campus Racism: Seeking The Real Victim," Newsweek \(21)Tj
T*(May 1990\); "DeKalb Won't Prosecute in Emory Case," Associated Press \(1 June)Tj
T*(1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2O Wayne Greene, "Calls To Hate Group Traced To Jewish Center," Tulsa World \(24)Tj
T*(December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2l Fred Mares, "Student Says He Lied About Racial Threats," The Kansas City)Tj
T*(Times \(6 December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(22 John C. Ensslin and Ann Carnahan, "Swastikas Prompt Probe By FBI,")Tj
T*(Rocky Mountain News \(7 December 1990\); Mark Brown, "Generosity Deluges Family)Tj
T*(Whose Home Was Torched," Rocky Mountain News \(15 December 1990\); Tillie Fong,)Tj
T*("Man Gets 10 Years in Fake Hate Crime," Rocky Mountain News \(29 May 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(23 James Feron, "Yonkers Housing Advocate Held in Fake Death Threats," New York)Tj
T*(Times \(1 December 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(24 Joseph Epstein, "The Joys of Victimhood, New York Times Magazine \(2 July)Tj
T*(1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(25 Mlot-Mroz Faces Charges," Beyerly Times \(9 September 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(26 PR Pro Turns Racial Attack Into PR Opportunity," IABC Communication World)Tj
T*(\(April 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(anti-Semitic incidents, including hoaxes, are used to galvanize support in a)Tj
T*(community is amazing. No benefit accrues to racists and antiSemites and the)Tj
T*(costs are enormous. Not only does law enforcement immediately start targeting)Tj
T*(suspects for questioning, but efforts to entrap them in other offenses step up)Tj
T*(as well. "Who benefits?" The honest answer is not white racist and anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(groups!)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(So damaging to real anti-Semites and racists are desecrations and graffiti that)Tj
T*(one bona fide anti-Semite, Jozef Mlot-Mroz of Salem, Massachusetts, was arrested)Tj
T*(for attempting to paint over anti-Semitic graffiti on a local synagogue. He)Tj
T*(claimed that the graffiti was intended to create an false impression of)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic harassment in the community. Mlot-Mroz was charged with malicious)Tj
T*(destruction of property over $250.00 and civil rights violation, both felonies,)Tj
T*(according to newspaper reports.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Although evidently not a hoax, a Lomita, California, graffiti case demonstrates)Tj
T*(the counter-productiveness of racist and anti-Semitic vandalism, and the skill)Tj
T*(with which these incidents can be exploited to generate sympathy and mobilize)Tj
T*(opposition to alleged perpetrators. In 1991 Janis Brett Elspas and her husband)Tj
T*(Schlomo found a Nazi swastika and the words "White Power" spraypainted on the)Tj
T*(garage doors of their house at 7:30 one morning. This was allegedly the ninth)Tj
T*(time their home had been the target of antiSemitic attacks. A public relations)Tj
T*(professional, Ms. Brett-Elspas immediately went into high gear and by 8:30 AM)Tj
T*(she was faxing a news release to area television and radio stations.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("By noon we had finished several newspaper interviews and T had posed for photos)Tj
T*(for each. Throughout the day we did more interviews by phone with two major Los)Tj
T*(Angeles all-news radio stations, and a variety of local, national and)Tj
T*(international Jewish publications. And, when five television crews showed up at)Tj
T*(4 PM \(just one hour before the start of the Jewish Sabbath\), we held an)Tj
T*(impromptu press conference in our living room." 2)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Within a week the Los Angeles Times had done three major stories, and the Daily)Tj
T*(Breeze, a Torrance daily, published three major articles based in .interviews)Tj
T*(with the couple. Numerous radio and TV stations had covered the incident, and)Tj
T*(stories ran in several Jewish newspapers. The incident and resulting publicity)Tj
T*(were instrumental in rewriting a city ordinance dealing with hate crimes, and an)Tj
T*(ad hoc committee was formed to deal with graffiti and hate crimes. At the time)Tj
T*(of this writing the case remains unsolved. 35)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l Ben Hass, K55 \(New York: Greenleaf, 1963\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 Alex Haley, Roots \(New York: Doubleday, 1976\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Harold Courlander, The Africans, A Novel \(New York: Crown Publishers, 1967\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 Esther B. Fein, "Haley's Final Family Sage Is Being Sold As A Novel," New York)Tj
T*(Times \(3 March 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Quoted in: Philip Nobile, "Uncovering Roots," Village Voice \(23 February)Tj
T*(1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Richard Bernstein, "Doubts Mar PBS Film On A Black Army Unit," New York Times)Tj
T*(\(28 February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 Debra Nussbaum Cohen, "Film About Black Liberators called 'Seriously Flawed,'")Tj
ET
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T*(Because bona fide organized racist and anti-Semitic incidents are relatively)Tj
T*(unusual today, and because they serve valuable functions for the victims and)Tj
T*(their constituencies when they occur, the temptation to fabricate incidents is)Tj
T*(strong. Victims are usually treated as heroes who have been ennobled by their)Tj
T*(experience and the rage against the suspected perpetrators, as well as)Tj
T*(representatives of their race, gender or class, can be amazing. In terms of)Tj
T*(sheer effectiveness, nothing works quite as well as a racist or anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(incident to intimidate an institution, "sensitize" a population, polarize an)Tj
T*(issue or silence critics. Victimization, genuine or faked, can accomplish more)Tj
T*(in minutes than months of organizing, agitation and propaganda. is)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The personal benefits are impressive as well. Many hoaxers have received)Tj
T*(substantial assistance from sympathizers and wellwishers, as in the case of)Tj
T*(Patricia Anderson and Lee Williams, who vandalized their own house, and received)Tj
T*(offers of clothing, gifts and money. Laurie Recht, who faked death threats and)Tj
T*(graffiti, became a celebrity for her victimhood, and wound up with a scholarship)Tj
T*(and an honorary "Doctor of Humane Letters" before her hoax was discovered. The)Tj
T*(most important benefits of victimization are psychological, however.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The delicious sense of importance and meaning to one's life that victimization)Tj
T*(brings is often overlooked as a motive in hoaxes of the kind illustrated here. I)Tj
T*(suspect it plays a very significant role. The paranoid personality, with it's)Tj
T*(tendency to interpret everyday experience in vigilant and suspicious terms,)Tj
T*(revels in the attention of recognized victimization. Victimization gives dignity)Tj
T*(to the undignified, importance to the unimportant, and a kind of "I told you so")Tj
T*(self-fulfilling prophecy that explains failure and disappointment as few things)Tj
T*(can. Not being liked becomes less of as question of what is wrong with you than)Tj
T*(what is wrong with others who don't like you.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Some people become important and valued for what they do, their contributions to)Tj
T*(their loved ones, to their careers, and to society; others for what is done to)Tj
T*(them. In the former case many years of forming character traits and a reputation)Tj
T*(are required, and the resulting importance can be seen as a reward for)Tj
T*(recognized accomplishment. In the latter case no such accomplishment is)Tj
T*(required, only that one is victimized. Victimization is instant fame, instant)Tj
T*(sympathy, and often in some form or another, instant compensation. Whatever)Tj
T*(shortcomings, unpopularity or character flaws one has are eclipsed by the)Tj
T*(wickedness of one's alleged persecutors. Having the "right" enemies can often)Tj
T*(lead to acquiring the "right" friends.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In a perceptive article on victimization appearing in The New York Times)Tj
T*(Magazine a few years ago, Joseph Epstein discussed the issue of motivation quite)Tj
T*(perceptively . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("... victimhood has not only its privileges but its pleasures. To begin with, it)Tj
T*(allows one to save one's sympathy for that most sympathetic of characters --)Tj
T*(oneself. "The pleasures of victimhood including imbuing one's life with a sense)Tj
T*(of drama. .The drama of daily life is greatly heightened if one feels that)Tj
T*(society is organized against one. To feel oneself excluded and set apart is no)Tj
T*(longer obviously or even necessarily a bad thing...)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("People who count and call themselves victims never blame themselves or their)Tj
T*(condition. They therefore have to find enemies...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hate Crimes Harmful to Bona Fide Racists, Hate Groups)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There's a very important point that needs to be understood here: bona fide)Tj
T*(racist and anti-Semitic harassment is invariably counterproductive for bona fide)Tj
T*(racists and anti-Semites. The quickness and skill with which racist and)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Victimhood Pays)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In terms of cost-benefit analysis, the actual payoff for victimhood can be very)Tj
T*(high and the risk of discovery of a hoax very small. This issue of "secondary)Tj
T*(gain" plays an important part in racist and anti-Semitic hoaxes, and the search)Tj
T*(for an answer to this troubling phenomenon is well served by the question, "Who)Tj
T*(benefits?")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(When a hoaxer gets caught, which isn't often, there are "fall back" positions)Tj
T*(which can put a positive spin on the incident. The hoaxer's status may be)Tj
T*(reframed so that "blaming the victim" can be alleged. Or, he may become)Tj
T*("mentally ill," which also removes any responsibility for the hoax. Barry Dov)Tj
T*(Schuss, responsible for several apparently anti-Semitic arsons,, wanted to keep)Tj
T*(awareness of anti-Semitism alive and, until he was caught, accomplished it)Tj
T*(through a series of arsons in Hartford's Jewish community. 17)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Psychiatric treatment was the major part of his "punishment". The rest was)Tj
T*(probation and a suspended sentence. 1 In the case of Sabrina Collins, who)Tj
T*(fabricated harassment and death threats, the county prosecutor said she needed)Tj
T*("counseling and treatment, not prosecution" for her hoax. I did not uncover a)Tj
T*(case where a white, non-minority defendant in a "hate crime" prosecution was)Tj
T*(treated so generously or relieved of responsibility in such a manner.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(With hoaxes the nature of the offense makes discovery difficult. Telephone)Tj
T*(harassment, for example, usually leaves no forensic evidence, unless the problem)Tj
T*(is severe enough for police to order a monitoring device. This happened in)Tj
T*(several of the hoaxes mentioned in this essay. A telephone message service by)Tj
T*(the Oklahoma White Man's Association was being sabotaged by endless incoming)Tj
T*(calls tying up the line. The group complained to the police and the telephone)Tj
T*(company who installed tracing equipment on the line., An investigation showed)Tj
T*(that the local Jewish Community Center where a computer was apparently)Tj
T*(automatically dialing call after call, was the source of the problem. In spite)Tj
T*(of hard evidence to the contrary, Jewish Community Center director David)Tj
T*(Bernstein said, "We have no computers here and we're not jamming any phones." No)Tj
T*(criminal charges were filed. In other cases, Buzz Cody and Laurie Recht, both of)Tj
T*(whom fabricated anti-Semitic death threats, were entrapped with telephone)Tj
T*(tracing equipment.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In the case of defacing property with racist and anti-Semitic graffiti,)Tj
T*(investigation is made only slightly easier. Spray painted graffiti, unlike)Tj
T*(handwriting or typewritten material, cannot be pinned down- gin two cases S)Tj
T*(mentioned in this study the discovery of the very spraycan in the possession of)Tj
T*(the "victims" led to their prosecution, but both were acquitted on the basis of)Tj
T*(insufficient evidence.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The eye-witness account is often an important factor in hoax investigation. In)Tj
T*(many cases it was this that led authorities to suspect fabrication. The factor)Tj
T*(here was inconsistent testimony or different stories by different witnesses, or)Tj
T*(physical evidence of lying. Where the possibility of a hoax exists, the witness)Tj
T*(\(who is often the victim\) should be interrogated by a person skilled in that)Tj
T*(area. Surprisingly, the cover story often isn't very well prepared and can be)Tj
T*("cracked" with reasonable effort. In the case of Quentin Banks, who faked a)Tj
T*(racist assault and death threats, it was a skilled interrogator who caught him)Tj
T*(in a number of contradictions and broke the case.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(To so Temptation To Fabricate Hoaxes is Strong)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(hospital refused to admit her. The alleged incident, which occurred in)Tj
T*(Mississippi in 1937, was even the subject of a play by Edward Albee.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Dr. Martin Luther King: A Case of Plagiarism)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There has been no greater black icon than Martin Luther King, whose name became)Tj
T*(synonymous with the civil rights movement in America. Yet, controversy plagued)Tj
T*(his life until his terrible assassination in 1968. It became widely known that)Tj
T*(he was abusive to women and frequented prostitutes as he traveled around the)Tj
T*(country. Several of his close associates had long-time ties to the Communist)Tj
T*(party. What was not known until long after his death, however, was that his)Tj
T*(degree as "Dr." was unearned and, in fact, the product of fraud.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(King's degree was awarded for a supposedly original thesis entitled "A)Tj
T*(Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry)Tj
T*(Nelson Wireman" he submitted to Boston University in 1955 as part of his)Tj
T*(requirements for a phd. Over the years rumors built up about the originality of)Tj
T*(the work, and in 1990 the University established a committee to investigate the)Tj
T*(alleged plagiarism. In October 1991, the committee released its findings. ')Tj
T*()Tj
T*(I "There is no question but that Dr. King plagiarized in the dissertation by)Tj
T*(appropriating material from sources not explicitly credited in notes, or)Tj
T*(mistakenly credited, or credited generally and at some distance in the text from)Tj
T*(a close paraphrase or verbatim quotation.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In spite of these highly damaging findings, however, the committee said that "no)Tj
T*(thought should be given to the revocation of Dr. King's doctoral degree from)Tj
T*(Boston University." 5)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Committee members, through their spokesman, John Cartwright \(Martin Luther King)Tj
T*(professor of Social Ethics\), said "I think it is good to get this behind us.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Absence of Healthy Skepticism)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Most Americans take a surprisingly uncritical and unquestioning attitude toward)Tj
T*(this problem.i They seem to believe that whatever is said, or written, or done)Tj
T*(in the service of a good cause must be the truth - particularly if that cause is)Tj
T*(fighting racism and anti-Semitism. Why, after all, would anyone lie, fabricate,)Tj
T*(exaggerate or distort when it seems clear that they are pure in heart? And what)Tj
T*(if they did?i Aren't they doing it for a good cause? And what of those who)Tj
T*(expose these deceptions? Isn't this evidence of some kind of covert racism or)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism? Why would anyone talk bad about a good cause? In short, those who)Tj
T*(lie and distort are the good guys, and those who pursue the facts of the matter)Tj
T*(are the bad guys! This is a pretty incredible situation, indeed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(For example, the elaborate rape hoax concocted by Tawana Brawley, her mother and)Tj
T*(Rev. Al Sharpton was accepted at face value by politicians and the media. It)Tj
T*(brought about a virtual orgy of white guilt and anti-racist agitation, and we)Tj
T*(were made to feel that in some metaphysical way we were all somehow responsible)Tj
T*(for what happened to this young black girl. Finally, an intensive investigation)Tj
T*(revealed the hoax that should have been suspected early on.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There are still people who believe that the story "must have something to it.")Tj
T*(You even heard the argument that "if it didn't happen to her, it might have)Tj
T*(happened to someone else somewhere, sometime." It became a question of the)Tj
T*(identity of the victim and alleged victimizers, and not one of facts or)Tj
T*(evidence. For many people, that Tawana Brawley was black was all they needed to)Tj
T*(know. Nothing else carried as much significance as her minority status.)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Liberators: Black-Jewish Reconciliation)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A more recent example of a hoax involving faked black history is the 1992 Public)Tj
T*(Broadcasting System film, The Liberators, which purports to tell of the part)Tj
T*(played by the all-black 761st Tank Battalion in the liberation of the Dachau)Tj
T*(concentration camp in April, 1945. Viewed by an audience of 3.7 million people,)Tj
T*(the film was nominated for an Academy Award. Largely the work of William Miles)Tj
T*(and Nina Rosenblum, producers of politically-correct documentaries on blacks and)Tj
T*(women, the film was designed to ease strained black-Jewish relations. Leaders)Tj
T*(from the black and Jewish communities viewed a special showing of the film and)Tj
T*(spoke of a "common history of oppression." Good sentiments aside, they had)Tj
T*(chosen a fraudulent vehicle to bring the groups closer.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In a February 1992 interview in The New Republic, Nina Rosenblum attacked)Tj
T*(critics of the film as "Holocaust revisionists," and attributed their criticism)Tj
T*(to racism. But according to former Army Captain David Williams of the 761st, the)Tj
T*(unit was nowhere near Dachau when the camp was liberated. He says,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("On April 29, 1945, the 761st was near Straubing, which is 30 about 70 miles)Tj
T*(from Dachau as the crow flies. Bridges were down, the tanks were all beat up.,)Tj
T*(There wasn't enough gas. Nobody could have just taken a Sherman tank on a)Tj
T*(140-mile round trip and not have been noticed missing. He would have been)Tj
T*(court-martialed.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Philip Latimer, president of the 761st veteran's group, said, "all anybody had)Tj
T*(to go is look at our history. There is no mention of Dachau or Buchenwald.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Other doubts about the documentary arose and articles questioning its veracity)Tj
T*(appeared elsewhere. Finally, in February, 1993, WNET-TV, a PBS affiliate)Tj
T*(involved in the film's production, decided to withdraw The Liberators from)Tj
T*(circulation, admitting that the 761st Tank Battalion "did not, in fact, liberate)Tj
T*(two concentration camps, as described in the film.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(M Dr. Charles Drew: Death by Discrimination?)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One of the more enduring hoaxes has been the falsified account of the death of)Tj
T*(Dr. Charles Drew, a black physician credited with developing their blood bank)Tj
T*(system. According to the hoax, Dr. Drew bled to death following a 1950)Tj
T*(automobile accident because a white-only hospital refused to treat him. This)Tj
T*(unfounded tale was repeated by National Urban League director Whitney Young in a)Tj
T*(1964 syndicated column, and black historian, William Loren Katz, wrote of the)Tj
T*(spurious incident in his 1971 book, Eyewitness: The Negro in, American History.)Tj
T*(Katz has since acknowledged the error.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Dr. Charles Mason Quick, also a black physician, has said he wants to stamp out)Tj
T*(this "perpetual lie" about Dr. Drew. Quick says he personally saw three)Tj
T*(emergency room doctors work for two hours trying to save Dr. Drew's life. Drew's)Tj
T*(injuries included brain damage and he died in the emergency room.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cecil Adams, author of "The Straight Dope" column in Washington, DC's City)Tj
T*(Paper, reported that Dr. John Ford, one of the passengers who was injured in Dr.)Tj
T*(Drew's car, reported that "We all received the very best of care. The doctors)Tj
T*(started treating us immediately." Adams also mentioned a similar hoax involving)Tj
T*(a famous black blues singer.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The Drew story is strangely similar to one told about blues singer Bessie)Tj
T*(Smith. She too supposedly bled to death after an auto accident when a white)Tj
ET
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T*(hoaxes or pranks." In talking with college and university security officials I)Tj
T*(encountered responses ranging from "a few, not too many," to "damned near all of)Tj
T*(them."o Most officials were cautious and reluctant to talk without some)Tj
T*(assurance of anonymity, and a several merely referred me to administrators who)Tj
T*(were even more paranoid. when a figure for hoaxes was mentioned, however, it was)Tj
T*(often in the area of 25% This figure has a kind of reasonableness about it,)Tj
T*(allowing that it probably doesn't hold true for every environment.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Deliberate misrepresentations, hoaxes and frauds are surprisingly commonplace in)Tj
T*(American political life. They are more likely to occur in those issues where)Tj
T*(taboos, "sensitivity," or fear of being called names are operational, or where)Tj
T*(the moral imperatives of noble social causes and crusades overwhelm individual)Tj
T*(judgment. Let's look at few proven hoaxes involving blacks. In these examples,)Tj
T*(most people are deeply effected by the emotional impact of the message. Few ask)Tj
T*(whether the message is actually true.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Roots: A Search For Black Origins)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(As an example, perhaps one of the greatest literary hoaxes, with strong racial)Tj
T*(overtones, was committed by Alex Haley, author of the spurious book, Roots ,)Tj
T*(which fraudulently purports to trace his ancestry back to a village in Africa.)Tj
T*(What is particularly troublesome about this hoax is that, al- A though)Tj
T*(knowledgeable researchers doubted Haley's work from the beginning, it wasn't)Tj
T*(until December, 1978 when Haley settled a plagiarism lawsuit with Harold)Tj
T*(Courlander, author of the 1967 novel, The African, for $650,000, that it became)Tj
T*(clear how seriously Haley had fudged his facts. In the meantime, the book sold)Tj
T*(1.5 million copies and Alex Haley had won a Pulitzer Prize.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Ironically, Haley was quoted on 10 April 1977 in the New York Times,,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It would be a scoop to beat all hell if Roots could be proved to be a hoax, and)Tj
T*(that's one of the reasons why it was so important to me to document as best I)Tj
T*(could.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Roots hoax had enormous consequences, for the story it fabricated was used)Tj
T*(to inspire militancy in a generation of black people, and was a significant)Tj
T*(factor in the development of black political power in the post-civil rights)Tj
T*(movement 1970's and 1980's. Its influence persists to this day. Although the)Tj
T*(hoax has received considerable publicity, it's still widely regarded as an)Tj
T*(authentic and inspirational legend, not uncommonly shown in the nation's schools)Tj
T*(in order to sensitize white students to the black experience. The television)Tj
T*(miniseries it generated was viewed by an estimated 130 million people and broke)Tj
T*(existing Neilsen TV ratings.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Subsequent research showed that Haley stole passages from other books and)Tj
T*(fabricated many of the characters. Even his pre-civil war U.S. research, where)Tj
T*(some records were available, was faked. when University of Alabama Professor)Tj
T*(Gary Mills and his wife, Elizabeth, editor of the National Geographic Society)Tj
T*(Quarterly, attempted to document Haley's genealogical work, they concluded)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The records show that [Haley] got everything wrong in his pre-Civil War)Tj
T*(lineage. One hundred and eighty-two pages and 39 chapters on Haley's Virginia)Tj
T*(family have no basis in fact.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A So extensive was the hoax that Harvard professor Oscar Handlin observed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("A fraud's a fraud...Historians are reluctant - cowardly about calling attention)Tj
T*(to factual errors when the general theme is in the right direction. That goes)Tj
T*(for foreign policy, for race, and for this book.")Tj
ET
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T*(8 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 James B. Jacobs, The Public Interest \(Fall, 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 Peter Applebome, "Rise Is Found In Hate Crimes Committed By Blacks," New York)Tj
T*(Times \(12 December 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(11 "Comment: Bad Motives," The New Yorker \(21 June 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(13 "N.Y. Gunman Indicted on 93 Counts," Chicago Tribune \(19 January 1994\); Lena)Tj
T*(Williams, "After Train Killings, A Rise Of Black Anxiety, New York Times \(12)Tj
T*(December 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(14 Lena Williams, Op Cit.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15 Associated Press, "Attacks At Brown May Bring A Request for Federal Help,")Tj
T*(New York Times \(18 October 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(16 Andrew Herrmann, "Officials To Meet On U. of I. Attacks," Chicago sun-Times)Tj
T*(\(10 October 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(17 Lou Oritz, "Students, others attacked in Champaign gang 'rite'," Chicago)Tj
T*(Sun-Tim \(9 October 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(18 Samuel Francis, "Feeding Hate To The Crime Colossus," \(Washington Times \(4)Tj
T*(February 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19 Jacobs, Op Cit.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(20 Jacob Sullum, "What's Hate Got To Do With It?," Reason \(December 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 3.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Prevalence of Hoaxes and Fabrications)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(How common are hate crime hoaxes? Some civil rights, Jewish and "antiracist")Tj
T*(groups stress the view that they are unusual and represent the misguided work of)Tj
T*(disturbed individuals. On the other end of the spectrum is the view held by)Tj
T*(genuine racists and anti-Semites that a massive conspiracy exists to commit)Tj
T*(hoaxes and publicize them as bona fide hate crimes. The truth, as might be)Tj
T*(expected, lies somewhere between these two positions. The problem, however, has)Tj
T*(long been recognized even by anti-racist authors and journalists although few of)Tj
T*(them have written about it.. Ben Hass, author of the anti-Klan classic, "KKK",)Tj
T*(noted that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It would be foolish, of course, to say that all violence attributed to the Klan)Tj
T*(was actually committed by Klansmen, or as a Klan-sponsored activity. Therein lay)Tj
T*(the fallacy of the disguise. Any gang of hoodlums that could scare up the)Tj
T*(requisite robes and hoods could set out to have some sadistic fund or settle)Tj
T*(personal grudges, and the onus of their misbehavior would automatically fall on)Tj
T*(the Klan.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In all likelihood, the actual extent of racist and anti-Semitic hoaxes can never)Tj
T*(be known as long as unsolved cases are uniformly regarded as actual and not)Tj
T*(merely suspected hate crimes. Police who investigate alleged hate crime cases)Tj
T*(privately report that a surprisingly large percent are "suspicious" or "likely)Tj
ET
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T*(punitive damages -- a powerful incentive for professional victims and hoaxers.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hate Crime McCarthyism)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Anyone with a memory of the tensions on some campuses during the 1950s should be)Tj
T*(sensitive to the issue of "McCarthyism," with its connotations of "subversive")Tj
T*(ideas and thought crimes. One's friends and associates, membership in)Tj
T*(organizations, personal habits, reading material, offhand comments, even the)Tj
T*(jokes one laughed at, could be grounds for suspicion of radical and un-American)Tj
T*(tendencies. Many of the government investigations undertaken during this period)Tj
T*(focused directly on the defendants state of mind. Any bit of ideological)Tj
T*(contamination required explanation. Criticism of American policies aroused)Tj
T*(suspicions. Mere liberals were taken for socialists, and socialists were taken)Tj
T*(for communists. A careless comment to the wrong person could be a costly)Tj
T*(mistake.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Professor Jacobs, quoted previously, also observed that since state of mind is)Tj
T*(pivotal in establishing a "hate-motivated" offense, trials may turn into)Tj
T*(inquisitions on the values, attitudes and opinions of the defendants, not unlike)Tj
T*(a 1950's McCarthyite investigation into the values, attitudes and opinions of)Tj
T*(suspected subversives by the House Un-American Activities Committee. He cites a)Tj
T*(case in which a man suspected of a hate-motivated offense was grilled about his)Tj
T*(relationship with a black neighbor. Did he ever have dinner with her, invite her)Tj
T*(for a picnic, or go with her to a movie? It's quite likely that the magazines)Tj
T*(and books a defendant reads, present or past memberships in organizations,)Tj
T*(religious and political beliefs, as well of discovery.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In his Reason article, Jacob Sullum quotes Kevin O'Neill, who wrote the American)Tj
T*(Civil Liberties Union's brief against the Ohio hate speech law. A Although)Tj
T*(different from hate crime legislation because it penalizes speech unrelated to)Tj
T*(criminal conduct, the law raises related civil liberties issues. O'Neill says)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Our basic concern about hate-crimes legislation in general, and Ohio's ethnic)Tj
T*(intimidation law in particular, is that it is an effort by government to punish)Tj
T*(people for their ideas.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Indeed it is, and no amount of weaseling or doubletalk can obscure that fact.)Tj
T*(George Orwell himself could not have imagined a more diabolical scenario for the)Tj
T*(legitimization of "thought crime" in a supposedly free society.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(l Basil Talbott, "Senate Joins Fight Against 'Hate Crimes,'" Chicago Sun-Times)Tj
T*(\(9 February 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 "LAPD Policy on Hate Crimes," B'nai B'rith Messenger \(27 July 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 Jerry Seper, "FBI Chief Pledges to Make Hate-Crimes Data a Priority,")Tj
T*(Washington Times \(5 April 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4 New York Daily News, 4 July 1990.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 James C. Fitzpatrick, "Teen Charged in Wall Defacement," Kansas City Times \(22)Tj
T*(September 1989\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 A "Decision on Hate Crimes Ban Elicits Mixed Reaction," Jewish Week \(3 July)Tj
T*(1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 "Tough Bias-Crime Penalties are Upheld," Law Enforcement News \(15 June 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(In I991, University of Illinois officials met with police to discuss an alarming)Tj
T*(series of assaults on white students by black gangs, who apparently attacked the)Tj
T*(students as part of a gang initiation rite. According to news sources,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Police said the gang initiation rite requires the potential gang member to find)Tj
T*(a large white male and knock him out with one punch.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The two gangs involved in the assaults, from Champaign and Urbana, traveled in)Tj
T*(groups of four to twenty and members ranged in age from 15 to 23, according to)Tj
T*(news reports "Officials expressed concern about a backlash resulting from)Tj
T*(the attacks.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The preceding two cases involved college campuses. It would be inaccurate to say)Tj
T*(they were commonplace, but neither are they rare. Almost every major university)Tj
T*(has had incidents such as these. Sometimes they made local papers, occasionally)Tj
T*(the national press. Sometimes they were undoubtedly spiked for considerations of)Tj
T*("sensitivity.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(At the University of Kansas, for example, a group of black students descended on)Tj
T*(a white fraternity with clubs and other weapons shouting threats and insults)Tj
T*(after a black student had allegedly been insulted there." Fortunately, there was)Tj
T*(no violence in spite of the fact terroristic threats were apparently made.)Tj
T*(Neither the campus press or the local daily mentioned the incident. One has to)Tj
T*(wonder how many times such incidents occur nationwide in a year. Surely, they)Tj
T*(contain the elements of a "hate crime." In virtually every case, however, we can)Tj
T*(be sure that issues of "sensitivity" are raised, along with fear of "backlash")Tj
T*(and "misunderstanding.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(If one includes crimes in which an awareness of the victim's race or ethnicity)Tj
T*(is a factor, then most interracial rapes, armed robberies and assaults might be)Tj
T*(considered "hate" crimes. Blacks are highly over-represented as perpetrators of)Tj
T*(the vast majority of these offenses relative to their representation in the)Tj
T*(population. One could even say that the alleged rage that blacks feel toward)Tj
T*("white" society is a race-specific rage, directed at individual victims on the)Tj
T*(basis of racial identity and, as we see in the Colin Ferguson case, often has)Tj
T*(the same tragic consequences to innocent individuals as any 1920s-lynching in)Tj
T*(Alabama.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Editorial writer Samuel Francis cites the 1992 case of a 15-year-old white girl)Tj
T*(who was raped by a gang of young blacks, who allegedly told her they picked her)Tj
T*(because she was "white and perfect." According to Francis,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The story made the tabloid headlines and passed from human memory the next)Tj
T*(day.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Obviously disillusioned, he adds, )Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Hate crimes aren't for white people. They are the special political and legal)Tj
T*(privileges of racial and religious minorities, and they are weapons by which)Tj
T*(white people can be bullied, bludgeoned, beaten, prosecuted and persecuted into)Tj
T*(shutting up about race and the cultural institutions that attend it.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(When an even-handed approach is denounced and avoided, of course, the issue)Tj
T*(becomes highly politicized. Powerful racial and ethnic interest groups have)Tj
T*(compelling reasons to manipulate the rules and to keep up an appearance of)Tj
T*(perpetual victimhood. Not only is it extremely useful in promoting a political)Tj
T*(agenda, but it can have considerable financial benefits to the "victims" as)Tj
T*(well. Many hate crime statutes have provisions for recourse in the civil courts)Tj
T*(for monetary damages. These allow victims to sue for special, general, and)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(Such a state of affairs may already be on the horizon, according to no less of a)Tj
T*(source than the SPLC's Klanwatch. In December 1993 New York Times writer)Tj
T*(Peter Applebome reported)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Klanwatch said that in the last three years 46 percent of all racially)Tj
T*(motivated murders tracked by the group were committed by blacks on victims who)Tj
T*(were white, Asian or Hispanic.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In an unsigned editorial in the "Comment" section of a June 1993, issue of The)Tj
T*(New Yorker, these concerns were also expressed. with reference to the 1993 U. S.)Tj
T*(Supreme Court ruling in Wisconsin v. Mitchell, the editorial noted that the)Tj
T*(black youth who had taken part in the beating of a white youth, was essentially)Tj
T*(being punished because his victim wasn't black. The editorial also observed,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("In Wisconsin, where less than a tenth of the population is nonwhite, half the)Tj
T*(defendants in hate-crimes cases have been minorities. A preliminary FBI report)Tj
T*(on hate crimes earlier this year found that thirty percent of the offenders)Tj
T*(whose race was reported were black. I)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, in another zinger, the editorial also raised the specter of the old)Tj
T*(saw, "What goes around, comes around.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Now that the Supreme Court has upheld the Wisconsin statute, it is a safe bet)Tj
T*(that the law-enforcement community, which more often than not is largely white)Tj
T*(and largely conservative, will find black offenders a more tempting target for)Tj
T*(hate crimes prosecution...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What might have been the civil rights establishment's worst nightmare occurred)Tj
T*(in December 1993, when Colin Ferguson, a black man of Jamaican ancestry,)Tj
T*(deliberately shot and killed six white passengers and wounded 19 others on a)Tj
T*(Long Island railroad commuter train. It was clearly a "hate crime," for Ferguson)Tj
T*(raged at black "uncle Toms" and carried notes on his person expressing his)Tj
T*(hatred toward white people3 Ferguson has been indicted on 93 counts, including)Tj
T*(civil rights violation. a Black spokesmen Jesse Jackson immediately went into)Tj
T*(damage control, expressing fear of a backlash" and preaching a message of)Tj
T*(healing and reconciliation. Jackson was reported as saying his second thought)Tj
T*(upon learning of the killings was o I)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Hoping against hope it wasn't a black person because I knew the e would)Tj
T*(immediately be a rash of irrational conclusions.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(But not to worry, Klanwatch and Jesse Jackson, for Ferguson was portrayed in the)Tj
T*(media as a victim of white racism on the one hand, and as a victim of mental)Tj
T*(illness on the other. Had he been a white man who had killed six black people)Tj
T*(solely because of their race, we might still be hearing about it. In the)Tj
T*(meantime, however, the story has disappeared from the news. It's the opinion of)Tj
T*(this writer and many other observers that an evenhanded approach to the hate)Tj
T*(crime controversy, in which equal standards apply, and behavior that is)Tj
T*(considered a "hate crime" for whites would also be considered a "hate crime" for)Tj
T*(blacks \(or anyone else\), would reveal a picture much different than militant)Tj
T*("anti-racist" groups would prefer. Let's take a few examples from the nation's)Tj
T*(campuses. a a In 1989, the situation of black-on-white violence got so bad at)Tj
T*(Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, that university president Vartan)Tj
T*(Gregorian said he was considering asking for federal help. According to Robert)Tj
T*(Reichley, vice president for university affairs,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("There have been 16 reported cases since classes began in September [a six week)Tj
T*(period], Mr. Reichley said. In most cases, he said, black men have attacked)Tj
T*(white male students or have sometimes drawn guns or other weapons.")Tj
ET
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T*(that followed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A jury found Mitchell guilty, and he was sentenced to two years in prison, the)Tj
T*(maximum for aggravated battery in Wisconsin. However, the jury, finding that)Tj
T*(Mitchell chose his victim on the basis of his race, went on to increase his)Tj
T*(sentence to a maximum seven years, or a 350% increase! Paradoxically, had)Tj
T*(Mitchell merely beaten a black person for some other reason, such as wanting his)Tj
T*(shoes, he would not have been so thoroughly savaged at sentencing. Two years)Tj
T*(would be two years, and he probably wouldn't have gotten that.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Mitchell appealed, and the Wisconsin Supreme Court invalidated the longer)Tj
T*(sentence. They said the state legislature had violated the First Amendment by)Tj
T*(criminalizing "bigoted thought with which it disagrees." Civil rights groups and)Tj
T*(the ADL were outraged. In April, 1993, Wisconsin Attorney General James E. Doyle)Tj
T*(argued the case before the U. S. Supreme Court, making the distinction that the)Tj
T*(case involved conduct and not ideas. As the result of a massive lobbying effort)Tj
T*(in which the ADL played a major part, 49 other states had filed briefs in)Tj
T*(support of Attorney General Doyle. The Supreme Court agreed7with Doyle, and)Tj
T*(unanimously reaffirmed Mitchell's 350% sentence enhancement.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Supreme Court's reasoning bears special examination. Chief Justice William)Tj
T*(Rehnquist, writing for the court, said that "...a defendant's abstract beliefs,)Tj
T*(however obnoxious to most people, may not be taken into consideration by a)Tj
T*(sentencing judge.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Rehnquist offered that those beliefs are no longer abstract once they 1 provide)Tj
T*(the motive for discriminatory action. Thus, according to his reasoning, "a)Tj
T*(physical assault is not by any stretch of the imagination expressive conduct)Tj
T*(protected by the First Amendment." Of course it isn't, and no one argued that it)Tj
T*(was. Physical assaults are and always have been punishable. The court's decision)Tj
T*(is, of course, a can of worms. with this logic it would be possible to legislate)Tj
T*(penalty enhancement for thieves whose crimes , were motivated by "disrespect for)Tj
T*(private property," or shoplifters whose pilferage was occasioned by adherence to)Tj
T*(social doctrines that denigrate the virtue of capitalism. Although one might)Tj
T*(only be convicted of one offense, I the net effect may be to get the equivalent)Tj
T*(of two times the normal sentence. It might as well be double jeopardy, for all)Tj
T*(practical purposes, accompanied by two convictions and two sentences.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However, all may not be not lost. If these laws are applied equally to all)Tj
T*(interracial "hate" crimes, broadly defined, and not primarily in the cases where)Tj
T*(minorities are the alleged victims, the discriminatory effect against whites may)Tj
T*(be blunted, perhaps severely. In the end they may become another nuisance law)Tj
T*(that has proven embarrassing to its proponents by virtue of its unforeseen)Tj
T*(consequences.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Unforeseen Consequences of Hate Crime Legislation)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(New York University law professor James B. Jacobs has written that the bl crime)Tj
T*(legislation was to protect allegedly victimized blacks from victimizing A)Tj
T*(proliferation of "hate crimes" laws have resulted in \(apparently\) unforeseen)Tj
T*(problems. Attributing the degree of "prejudice" or racial animosity necessary to)Tj
T*(establish a hate crime motive is not the least of the problems. Virtually all)Tj
T*(interracial crimes may be perceived as a hate crime if the conditions are)Tj
T*(defined loosely enough. Noting that the original impetus of hate crime)Tj
T*(legislation was to protect allegedly victimized blacks from victimizing whites,)Tj
T*(he says)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Indeed, at some point in the future some supporters of hate crime laws may be)Tj
T*(dismayed to find that these laws are frequently used against black offenders.")Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(On the other hand, the issue in the ADL's model "hate crime" statute, which they)Tj
T*(have successfully lobbied through most state legislatures, and which is being)Tj
T*(embodied in federal legislation as well, is that certain forms of speech, such)Tj
T*(as hostility or contempt for racial or ethnic interest groups, may not be)Tj
T*(unlawful in itself, but when expressed in conjunction with a criminal act, such)Tj
T*(as graffiti, vandalism or assault, it should result in a mandatory increase in)Tj
T*(sentence.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Bona fide criminal activity, including violence, is always prosecutable, as it)Tj
T*(should be, but the ADL clearly feels that criminal activity directed against)Tj
T*(Jews and their clients in the minority community deserves special punishment.)Tj
T*(However, to make a law singling out a particular interest group for special)Tj
T*(protection is a touchy subject, and consistent civil libertarians have tended to)Tj
T*(oppose that tactic, affirmative action programs aside. The ADL anticipated that)Tj
T*(laws prohibiting acts directed at specific groups as "hate crimes" might present)Tj
T*(constitutional difficulties \(particularly the equal protection clause\). Such)Tj
T*(laws may also encourage public perception that "special people get special)Tj
T*(protections," a view that the ADL wishes to discourage. Americans tend to reject)Tj
T*("group rights," and public awareness that the ADL is promoting precisely what)Tj
T*(could be a public relations blunder.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL chose to minimize these complications by focusing its legislative)Tj
T*(offensive on the sentencing phase of the criminal procedure. This way, one can)Tj
T*(say that the accused has not been convicted of a "special" crime designed to)Tj
T*(provide "special protections" to "special groups," but rather has been convicted)Tj
T*(of an ordinary crime -- only the punishment is to be more severe because of the)Tj
T*(circumstances surrounding it. No one is being convicted of a thought crime)Tj
T*(because of their values, opinions and beliefs, only A S sentenced to longer)Tj
T*(terms because of them. But why this convoluted tactic? Wouldn't the appellate)Tj
T*(courts see the ruse? In 1993 the Wisconsin Supreme Court did exactly that when)Tj
T*(they it invalidated a state law mandating longer sentences in hate crimes. Many)Tj
T*(civil libertarians applauded this development. Sentencing practices are the)Tj
T*(neglected area of due process. One can see this immediately by noting the wide)Tj
T*(disparity of sentencing in similar crimes. A simple $100 burglary may bring)Tj
T*(probation in one case, and 20 years in another.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Factors only marginally relevant to the seriousness of the crime at hand are)Tj
T*(allowed in the sentencing process, such as the defendant's appearance or)Tj
T*(courtroom demeanor, the judge's perception of the defendant's repentance \(which)Tj
T*(may say as much about the judge as it does the defendant\), or whether or not the)Tj
T*(defendant plead guilty or had the temerity to demand a trial. In other words,)Tj
T*("evidence" can be entered into a sentencing hearing that would be inadmissible)Tj
T*(in the trial itself. More than one civil liberties attorney has cringed at the)Tj
T*(arbitrariness of sentencing procedures. It could be said with respect to hate)Tj
T*(crimes that all the penalty enhancement statutes do is formalize a kind of)Tj
T*(discrimination that is already occurring on an ad hoc basis. Unfortunately,)Tj
T*(penalty enhancement makes it mandatory.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Racial Motivation and Sentencing Policy)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The particular case that brought this issue before the U. S. Supreme Court in)Tj
T*(1993 involved not a white, but a black defendant in a case of aggravated)Tj
T*(battery. Todd Mitchell was one of a group of black teen-agers who severely beat)Tj
T*(a 14-year old white boy in Kenosha, Wisconsin in 1989. The group had just seen)Tj
T*(the film Mississippi Burning, which glorifies the civil rights movement of the)Tj
T*(1960s and vilifies its opposition -- not a particularly difficult task. When)Tj
T*(Mitchell and his gang came upon the victim, Mitchell said, "There goes a white)Tj
T*(boy! Go get him." They did, and the boy was seriously injured in the beating)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(My own investigation revealed that this young man was well-known to local)Tj
T*(leftists, and that he had talked of a plot to entice all Ku Klux Klansmen and)Tj
T*(neo-Nazis to a meeting then blow up the building and kill them. He was, in fact,)Tj
T*(not racist but anti-racist. Kansas City police sat on the case and local)Tj
T*(anti-fascist activists seemed to be holding their breath until the story faded)Tj
T*(into the memory hole. If you didn't live in Kansas City and read the local)Tj
T*(paper, you wouldn't know it had happened. If you hadn't investigated, you)Tj
T*(wouldn't know it's a probable hoax incident. Are there more cases like this?)Tj
T*(Probably so.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Valid Objections To Hate Crimes Reporting Act)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There are many valid criticisms of the "hate crime reporting" concept but by far)Tj
T*(the most legitimate is that selective reporting exaggerates a phenomenon by)Tj
T*(calling selective attention to it. If statistics were kept of crimes committed)Tj
T*(by Methodists, or left-handed Democrats, or by service station employees, or of)Tj
T*(crimes against these groups, it would quickly seem that we have a serious crime)Tj
T*(problem in these areas. To answer an objection to this argument from a Jewish)Tj
T*(friend, I asked what the probable consequences of compiling and publicizing)Tj
T*(statistics on crimes by Jews in the United States might be, so as to draw)Tj
T*(attention to them. He quickly conceded that it would seriously distort the)Tj
T*(picture and lead to "dangerous false conclusions" by "singling out a particular)Tj
T*(group" and would be "unfair selective attention." Enough said. A s)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Civil libertarians are traditionally concerned with two issues more than any)Tj
T*(other. In criminal law, they are concerned with due process issues, i.e., the)Tj
T*(fairness of the criminal justice system and its adherence to procedural)Tj
T*(processes that ensure even-handedness and protection for the rights of the)Tj
T*(accused. In constitutional law, the issue of free speech overshadows most other)Tj
T*(concerns, since it is regarded as the bedrock upon which all other freedoms)Tj
T*(depend, and rightly so.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Anti-Defamation League seems acutely aware that too scrupulous an adherence)Tj
T*(to civil liberties can be counter-productive to its interests. For example,)Tj
T*(inconvenient standards of evidence in criminal trials may allow individuals they)Tj
T*(would prefer to see convicted to go without punishment and ritual defamation,)Tj
T*(hence their clever advocacy of civil action against individuals and groups who)Tj
T*(offend their interests, whether or not they have been convicted of an actual)Tj
T*(criminal offense. In civil cases, evidence is allowable that wouldn't get past)Tj
T*(the door in a criminal case. Among other things, the standard for conviction is)Tj
T*(merely the preponderance of evidence, and not the more rigorous "beyond any)Tj
T*(reasonable doubt." Simply put, if you can't prove a crime, you may still be able)Tj
T*(to punish with a civil judgment.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Similarly, although they routinely deny it, free speech is troublesome to the)Tj
T*(ADL when it includes values, opinions and beliefs they they regard as retrograde)Tj
T*(to their interests, such as criticism of Jews, Israel, or Jewish institutions.)Tj
T*(When the ADL condemns anti-Semitism, they are usually condemning some form of)Tj
T*(expression of values, opinions and beliefs. Accordingly, while the ADL has)Tj
T*(officially given muted opposition to discredited and unconstitutional "hate)Tj
T*(speech" legislation, it has worked mightily to create the climate that produced)Tj
T*(it.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The "hate speech" case in question was a St. Paul, Minnesota, ordinance)Tj
T*(outlawing mere expressions of racism and anti-Semitism, including speech,)Tj
T*(writing, art as well as symbolic acts such as cross burnings The United States)Tj
T*(Supreme Court decided unanimously in June, 1992, that the ordinance was in)Tj
T*(violation of the constitution.)Tj
ET
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T*(in the tabulation. The legislation contained no provision for reporting)Tj
T*(incidents that turn out to be hoaxes as such. When an incident is discovered to)Tj
T*(be a hoax it might be dropped from the statistics, and it might not. Even more)Tj
T*(disturbing the legislation contained no provision to exclude unsolved offenses,)Tj
T*(many of which are probably hoaxes. Offenses having the mere appearance of a hate)Tj
T*(crime are to be reported as such, including unsubstantiated telephone threats,)Tj
T*(anonymous graffiti and unproven claims of name calling)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Local police departments quickly stepped in line. The Los Angeles Police)Tj
T*(Department adopted a policy that classified all hate crimes as "category one")Tj
T*(crimes, "like felonies, with named suspects." Robert Vernon, LAPD assistant)Tj
T*(chief of police, announced that even misdemeanor offenses, such as alleged)Tj
T*(threatening phone calls or malicious mischief would be aggressively investigated)Tj
T*(by police.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In 1991 FBI director William Sessions announced that "The implementation of the)Tj
T*(hate-crimes program will continue to be a top priority of the FBI." However,)Tj
T*(Sessions also commented that while there appeared to be an increase in hate)Tj
T*(crimes, the rise may be due partly to required reporting.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The decision to even classify incidents as "racially-motivated" is fraught with)Tj
T*(issues of subjectivity and bias. Although "racially-motivated" seems to be a)Tj
T*(neutral term, it is not. In practice it's been a code phrase for crime by white)Tj
T*(\(and not black\) racists. It creates the anomaly of white youth receiving a)Tj
T*(stiffer sentence for mere graffiti on a black business than a black youth might)Tj
T*(receive for the burglary of its owner!)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Racially-motivated" is a legal distinction that justifies preferential status)Tj
T*(and discriminatory punishments. In many cases, the law actually provides for)Tj
T*(civil penalties and damages, which actually encourages hoaxes and fabrications.)Tj
T*(More importantly, we are in grave danger of institutionalizing a double standard)Tj
T*(where some citizens are accorded special protections based entirely on their)Tj
T*(race while others are penalized for theirs -- a problem the Civil Rights)Tj
T*(movement originally sought to redress. A dramatic example of that double)Tj
T*(standard was illustrated in the 1990 "dart man" case in New York City. "Dart)Tj
T*(man" was a black man who went around Manhattan shooting blowgun darts into)Tj
T*(women's behinds. Although all of "dart man's" two dozen plus victims were white)Tj
T*(\(including two light-skinned hispanics\), it was reported that "authorities do)Tj
T*(not think race is a factor.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Police are quoted as saying that they "have no reason to believe the attacks are)Tj
T*(racially motivated." However, in New York City's diverse racial mix the odds of)Tj
T*(picking two dozen white women at random are on the order of winning Lotto)Tj
T*(America! Imagine for a moment what the conclusion would have been had "dart man")Tj
T*(been white and all of his victims would have been black.s The selective police)Tj
T*(attention to alleged hate crimes is shadowed by selective media inattention to)Tj
T*(hate crime hoaxes. Many hoaxes are only reported in the local media and die when)Tj
T*(they reach the wire services. I've also been told that a fair number are simply)Tj
T*("spiked" once their nature is ascertained, out of "sensitivity" to minority)Tj
T*(concerns, or so as not to "give ammunition" to racists. Absent some kind of)Tj
T*(clipping service, a network of local "monitors" or the intelligence capability)Tj
T*(of the American law enforcement community, one is at a considerable disadvantage)Tj
T*(researching this subject. There could be a much bigger story here than initially)Tj
T*(appears. In Kansas City, for example, Terrence Weaver defaced a wall near a)Tj
T*(major art museum with racist and anti-Semitic graffiti in September, 1989. He)Tj
T*(was observed, chased, and apprehended. The local newspaper reported the incident)Tj
T*(as a "hate crime," along with the interesting fact that the perpetrator hag)Tj
T*(checked himself into a local mental hospital immediately after his arrest. The)Tj
T*(incident quickly faded and no more was heard of it. The Kansas City Star has)Tj
T*(declined to pursue the matter.)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(44 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(45 Federal Bureau of Investigation AIRTEL, "Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai)Tj
T*(B'rith \(SDL\), Information Concerning Civil Rights Matters," 4 February 1985.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(46 Anti-Defamation League, Hate Groups In America: A Record of Bigotry and)Tj
T*(Violence \(New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1983\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(47 The KKK Today: A 1991 Special Status Report \(New York: AntiDefamation League\))Tj
T*()Tj
T*(48 Irwin Suall and David Lowe, "Shaved for Battle -- Skinheads Target America's)Tj
T*(Youth, Political Communication and Persuasion 5 \(1988\): 144.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(49 Editorial, "Swastikas In Denver: Isolated Incidents or Worse?, Rocky Mountain)Tj
T*(News \(13 June 1990\): Police Watch, "Skinheads Cleared," Rocky Mountain News \(26)Tj
T*(July 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(50 Interview with James Allen Moran, Grand Dragon, White Knights of the Ku Klux)Tj
T*(Klan, December, 1988. q)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(51 "Lawsuit Says Stephan Invented Radical Sect to Further His Career,")Tj
T*(Associated Press \(3 August 1985\). E)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(52 Bruce Maxwell, "Far-Right Group Ready To Fight For Farmers," Rochester)Tj
T*(Post+Bulletin \(13 November 1984\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(53 Anti+Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, Extremism on the Right; A Handbook)Tj
T*(\(New York: The ADL, 1983\). Even this figure may have been too high. A A)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(54 J. Harry Jones, The Minutemen \(New York: Doubleday, 1968\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(55 Mark Hayfield, "Hate Groups Increase - As Do Their Crimes," USA Today \(20)Tj
T*(February 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(56 Laird Wilcox, Guide To The American Right \(0lathe, KS: A Editorial Research)Tj
T*(Service, 1993\): Laird Wilcox, Guide To The American Left \(0lathe, KS: Editorial)Tj
T*(Research Service, 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(57 Greg Jaffe and Dan Morse, "Rising Fortunes: Morris Dees and the Southern)Tj
T*(Poverty Law Center," Montgomery Advertiser \(February 1994\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(58 Ray Jenkins, "Even A Scoundrel Is Due A Fair Trial," Los Angeles)Tj
T*(Times/Washington Post Service \(November 1990\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 2)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hate Crimes Legislation)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(If membership figures for anti-Semitic and racist organizations are hard to)Tj
T*(determine, and data on incidents murky and conflicting, statistics on so called)Tj
T*("hate crimes" are problematic as well. In 1990 congress passed legislation based)Tj
T*(on the ADL's model statute requiring the United States Attorney General to "set)Tj
T*(up a system for collecting statistics on hate crimes" known as the "Hate Crimes)Tj
T*(Statistics Act." The ADL had lobbied mightily for this legislation, as well as)Tj
T*(virtually identical legislation in several states. In addition to serious crimes)Tj
T*(such as murder, arson and manslaughter, relatively minor offenses such as simple)Tj
T*(assault, intimidation and vandalism which includes graffiti, were to be included)Tj
ET
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T*(17 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(18 Debra Nussbaum Cohen, "Paradox of Anti-Semitism in America: Perception vs.)Tj
T*(Reality, Kansas City Jewish Chronicle \(8 1 January 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(19 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2O Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2l "Calling All Jews," Jerusalem Post \(21 October 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(22 Jacob Sullum, "What's Hate Got To Do With It?," Reason \(December 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(23 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(24 Associated Press, "1 in 5 Americans Anti-Semitic, Survey Finds," Tulsa Herald)Tj
T*(\(17 November 1992\). 25Ibid.i)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(26 Debra Nussbaum Cohen, "1 in 5 Americans 'Hard-Core' AntiSemites, Survey,")Tj
T*(Jewish Week \(20 November 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(27 Richard Cohen, "The Gotcha Game," Washington Post Magazine \(20 December)Tj
T*(1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(28 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(29 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(30 New York Times, 27 January 1990. i)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(31 "Chicago Is Talking," Newsweek \(31 August 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(32 Kevin Johnson, "Anti-Gang TV Ad Called Racist," USA Today \(28 August 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(33 Dennis J. Opatrny and Scott Winokur, "S. F. Spymaster Revealed," San)Tj
T*(Francisco Examiner \(8 April 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(34 George Cothran and Peter Hegarty, "Spies For Zion," SF Weekly \(28 April)Tj
T*(1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(35 Robert J. Friedman, "The Anti-Defamation League is Spying On You," Village)Tj
T*(Voice \(11 May 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(36 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(37 Garth Wolkoff, "ADL Chief Lashes Out At Critics, Press, D.A.," Jewish)Tj
T*(Bulletin Qi Northern California \(7 May 1993\)38Friedman, Op Cit. )Tj
T*()Tj
T*(39 Cothran and Hegarty, Op Cit. )Tj
T*()Tj
T*(40 "Overstepping Bounds" \(14 December 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(4l J. Edgar Hoover, Letter to Dore Schary, National Chairman, Anti-Defamation)Tj
T*(League of B'nai B'rith, January 4, 1966.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(42. C. Sullivan, "Memorandum," to R. W. Smith, "Review of Pamphlet, Report on)Tj
T*(the Ku Klux Klan, by Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein," 12 August 1965.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(43 William C. Sullivan, "Memorandum" to F. J. Baumgardner, "Investigation of)Tj
T*(Klan Organizations, Racial MattersKlan," 22 September 1966.)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(Let's not forget, there are cases on record where civil law was tortured into)Tj
T*(criminal law to punish Communists in the 1950's, then civil rights groups,)Tj
T*(including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, in the)Tj
T*(1960's.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An unnamed philosopher once said to beware of those in whom the urge to punish)Tj
T*(is strong. The zealous and vengeful nature of these self-appointed "hate-crime")Tj
T*(vigilantes, so quick to abuse long-established legal processes designed to)Tj
T*(protect the civil rights of all citizens, renders them as dangerous as the hate)Tj
T*(groups they claim to oppose -- and perhaps even more so in that they maintain an)Tj
T*(image of legitimacy. Militancy and fanaticism in any pursuit, even one that is)Tj
T*(objectively laudable on its face, is bound to produce results that are injurious)Tj
T*(in the long run.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not)Tj
T*(become a monster. And if you gaze long enough into an abyss, the abyss will gaze)Tj
T*(back at you." Friedrich Nietzsche, 1878)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(1 Associated Press, "Harassment of Jews Rose in '93, AntiDefamation League)Tj
T*(Reports," New York Times \(25 January 1994\). )Tj
T*()Tj
T*(2 Debra Nussbaum Cohen, "ADL Reports Fewer Anti-Semitic Acts In 1992," Kansas)Tj
T*(City Jewish Chronicle \(5 February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(3 "Anti-Semitism Declines," Jewish Week \(12 March 1993\). Stewart Ain,)Tj
T*("Anti-Semitism: Fewer Acts, More Personal," The Jewish Week \(5 February 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(5 Debra Nussbaum Cohen, "Reports Says Acts of Anti-Semitism Up In 1991." Kansas)Tj
T*(City Jewish Chronicle \(7 February 1992\). 8)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(6 "Acts of Anti+Semitism Hit Record High in '90," The Jewish Week \(8 February)Tj
T*(1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(7 "1,432 Anti-Jewish Incidents Reported Last Year," Associated \(Press \(18)Tj
T*(January 1990\). A)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(8 Toby Axelrod, "A Violent Trend..." The JBWish Week \(14 February 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(9 Leonard Larson, "ADL Report Diminished Its Reputation," D.C. Observer \(12 June)Tj
T*(1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(10 Canadian Jewish News \(14 November 1991\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(11 New York Times \(8 January 1992\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(12 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(13 "Wide Divergence in 2 Reports on Anti-Semitism In The U.S.," Jewish Post Q)Tj
T*(Opinion \(19 January 1983\). A A)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(14 J. J. Goldberg, "Tide Of Anti-Semitic Acts Exposes 'Perception Gap,'" The)Tj
T*(Jewish Week \(18 November 1988\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(15 Ibid.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(16 J. J. Goldberg, "Scaring The Jews," The New Republic \(May, 1993\).)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(teenager. Unable to afford competent counsel in the complicated matter, the UKA)Tj
T*(was forced to turn over all of its assets and went out of business.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(At issue in that trial was the liability of the UKA for the acts of its members.)Tj
T*(Had this doctrine that organizations are responsible for the acts of their)Tj
T*(members been established as a legal precedent in the 1960s, it would have)Tj
T*(decimated the early civil rights movement and would have bankrupt the NAACP and)Tj
T*(CORE, both of which this writer belonged to. Even the labor movement and the)Tj
T*(anti-war movement could have been crippled by lawsuits arising from the violent)Tj
T*(acts of some of their participants.. Suppose a black activist group was hit with)Tj
T*(a $7 million judgment because one of its members killed someone in the Watts)Tj
T*(riots? This sounds far-fetched, but had the Dees precedent existed then it could)Tj
T*(have happened.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Conscientious civil libertarians, while strongly opposing the Ku Klux Klan and)Tj
T*(neo-Nazi groups, disdain unfair and underhanded methods used to go after them in)Tj
T*(the courts. The SPLC proclivity to use civil suits, where constitutional)Tj
T*(protections are minimal, against poor, working-class and often semi-literate)Tj
T*(Klansman unable to afford counsel, has been compared to shooting fish in a)Tj
T*(barrel.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The issue, of course, is a classical moral one, i.e., whether the ends justify)Tj
T*(the means used to accomplish them. Most moral philosophers would say that the)Tj
T*(means indirectly determine the ends, and that unjust means necessarily lead to)Tj
T*(unjust ends.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Another Dees civil case involved three neo-Nazi "skinheads" who killed a black)Tj
T*(man during a November 1988 fight in Portland, Oregon. The skinheads pleaded)Tj
T*(guilty and are serving long prison sentences. This was not the end of the)Tj
T*(matter, however. Morris Dees and the SPLC, with the cooperation of the ADL,)Tj
T*(filed civil suit on behalf of victim's family. None of the skinheads was worth)Tj
T*(suing, so Morris Dees sought a judgment against Tom and John Metzger and their)Tj
T*(White Aryan Resistance \(WAR\) organization, to which the skinheads allegedly)Tj
T*(belonged. The Metzgers, it was agreed, did not even know the men who committed)Tj
T*(the crime, nor had they directed their actions. The issue was whether, by virtue)Tj
T*(of the Metzgers attitudes, opinions and beliefs, they had somehow "motivated")Tj
T*(the killers.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Metzgers and WAR had minimal assets, not nearly enough to even cover the)Tj
T*(cost of the lawsuit. Dees and the ADL were clearly trying to put WAR out of)Tj
T*(business. The Metzgers were, of course, unable to afford counsel and at-.)Tj
T*(tempted to defend themselves. After a long trial before a judge with one year of)Tj
T*(experience on the bench, a tired jury found against the Metzgers in October)Tj
T*(1990, and awarded the victims family an enormous settlement. A subsequent appeal)Tj
T*(was denied, largely because the Metzgers, with no legal training, had failed to)Tj
T*(bring up specific objections during the trial. At 'one point, when Tom Metzger)Tj
T*(attempted to pay for a transcript of the trial with donated funds in order to)Tj
T*(prepare their appeal, Dees garnished the' payment, thus impeding their efforts.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Criticism of Dees does not come from right-wing sources alone. gin a column)Tj
T*(appearing under the banner of the Los Angeles Times/Washington Post News)Tj
T*(Service, Ray Jenkins, a writer for the Baltimore Sun, noted that while the State)Tj
T*(of Oregon lacked evidence to put Metzger on trial for murder in the case, what)Tj
T*(Morris Dees did was to)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...convert the civil law, whose basic purpose is to settle disputes between)Tj
T*(individuals, into an arm of the criminal law. In legal abracadabra, the standard)Tj
T*(of proof in civil, cases -- usually only 'preponderance of evidence' -- is a)Tj
T*(good deal easier to meet than the higher standard of 'guilt beyond a reasonable)Tj
T*(doubt' required in criminal prosecution.)Tj
ET
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T*(paramilitary "constitutional patriot" and tax protest groups consisting of one)Tj
T*(or two members are not uncommon. A creative trickster with access to a photocopy)Tj
T*(machine can create havoc in a community with the help of a properly "sensitized")Tj
T*(local media on the watch for witches to burn.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Robert DePugh's Kansas City area-based paramilitary "Minuteman" organization of)Tj
T*(the 1960s suffered from similar distortions. Primarily a paper operation with a)Tj
T*(handful of activists, DePugh topped out at 500 "members," most of whom were)Tj
T*(essentially inactive literature-collectors and several of whom were government)Tj
T*(agents. Media estimates ranged in the thousands. By 1968 the FBI had refined its)Tj
T*(intelligence on the group to the point where they stated that there were "less)Tj
T*(than fifty persons upon whom Minutemen leaders can call for overt action." My)Tj
T*(own subsequent investigation suggested a more realistic figure of under a dozen.)Tj
T*(During the McCarthy era, by the way, the membership of leftist groups, including)Tj
T*(the Communist Party, was similarly exaggerated. gt 8)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Southern Poverty Law Center)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In February 1992 flsA Today reported that Klanwatch, a subdivision of Morris)Tj
T*(Dees' Southern Poverty Law Center, had identified a total of "346 white)Tj
T*(supremacy groups operating in the USA, up an alarming 27% from the past year.")Tj
T*(Included were 97 Ku Klux Klan and 203 alleged Neo-Nazi groups. This figure is)Tj
T*(outrageously inflated. What Klanwatch apparently did is locate any mailing)Tj
T*(address they could find, including the large number of "post office box)Tj
T*(chapters" maintained by several organizations, police, government agencies and)Tj
T*(private groups monitoring the Klan. They probably listed many groups whose)Tj
T*(actual affiliation is neither KKK or neo-Nazi, and who would argue with the)Tj
T*(designation of "white supremacy.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This writer publishes an annual directory of these groups \(and a companion)Tj
T*(directory on the left\), and can attest to the irresponsible inflation of)Tj
T*(Klanwatch's figures. In terms of viable groups with more than a handful of)Tj
T*(members, not post office box "groups" or two man local chapters, the actual)Tj
T*(figure is a combined total of about 30 -- a far cry from 346! Unfortunately,)Tj
T*(this kind of exaggeration is typical.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Southern Poverty Law Center has been faulted on other grounds as well. In)Tj
T*(February 1994 the Montgomery Advertiser ran a series of articles exposing)Tj
T*(various aspects of the SPLC, including its questionable fundraising tactics and)Tj
T*(other dishonest practices. Among the issues raised were,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The SPLC has reserve funds of $52 million...Just what the Law Center does with)Tj
T*(all that money is a source of concern. Some who have worked with Morris Dees)Tj
T*(call him a phoney, the 'television evangelist' of civil rights who misleads)Tj
T*(donors...)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(For 15 years, people throughout the country have sent millions of dollars to the)Tj
T*(\(SPLC\) to fight the Ku Klux Klan and other supremacists. But critics say the Law)Tj
T*(Center exaggerates the threat of hate groups...")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The SPLC responded to the series with a number of veiled threats and charged)Tj
T*(that it was a "hatchet job". Nevertheless, the series was widely praised and is)Tj
T*(regarded as a model for courageous, objective reporting.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The SPLC Legal Offensive)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In I987 Dees and the SPLC made national headlines with a civil judgement against)Tj
T*(United Klans of America and two of its members for the 1981 slaying of a black)Tj
ET
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T*(the membership list and the mailing list are usually two distinct entities. Ku)Tj
T*(Klux Klan organizations have maintained large complimentary mailing lists in the)Tj
T*(past, although that practice has faded for reasons of economy. Some groups don't)Tj
T*(have "members" as such, only people who receive their mailings, and others make)Tj
T*(no distinction between members and people who write and ask for information. A)Tj
T*(few groups even send out blank membership cards with their solicitation letters.)Tj
T*(According to the ADL, in 1990, the various Ku Klux Klan organizations had a)Tj
T*(combined membership under 4,000, down from 45,000 in 1964 and 12,500 in 1981. In)Tj
T*(1987, during a period g growth, the ADL estimated hard-core neo-Nazis at "no)Tj
T*(more than 400-500." The much publicized "skinheads", recently estimated at 5,000)Tj
T*(nationwide are almost certainly no more than a third of that. Determining who is)Tj
T*(and who isn't a neo-Nazi racist skinhead involves a lot of pure guessing. A)Tj
T*(recent possible hoax in Denver initially focused on the local skinhead)Tj
T*(population and an estimate of 200 was made, a great surprise to bona fide Denver)Tj
T*(racist groups. Many bikers adopt the skinhead appearance while having no serious)Tj
T*(affinity for their views, and there are many "anti-racist" skinhead groups)Tj
T*(around. The actual number of bona fide racist, neo-Nazi skinheads in Denver is)Tj
T*(probably under 25. At the time a Kansas City KKK "group" made national news in)Tj
T*(1988 with its plans for a public TV show it had only two members. Speculation)Tj
T*(had ranged as high as a hundred and rumors of alleged KKK vandalism and)Tj
T*(cross-burnings spread through the community.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Groups like the "Posse Comitatus" attained almost mythical proportions in the)Tj
T*(early 1980s, with estimates as high as 40,000 given by irresponsible writers.)Tj
T*(This was absolute fantasy, although Jim Wickstrom, Posse "leader," claimed the)Tj
T*(incredible figure of a million and a half! Having talked with police agencies,)Tj
T*(journalists, farmers and local officials, and with Posse members themselves, I)Tj
T*(seriously doubt if more than 1,000 serious Posse activists ever existed at any)Tj
T*(one time. The Posse was never tightly organized and the national "group" was)Tj
T*(primarily a literature distribution operation. Local "groups" were autonomous)Tj
T*(and virtually anyone could claim membership and be believed.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In Kansas, for example, State police officials monitoring farm auctions in the)Tj
T*(early 1980s made the incredible mistake of estimating Posse presence in one case)Tj
T*(by noting that a "Posse" activist was present and he had thirty or so people)Tj
T*(gathered around him reading the literature he passed out hence, there was a Posse)Tj
T*("presence" in the "neighborhood of thirty" at the auction! A single individual)Tj
T*(distributing Posse literature in service stations and restaurant restrooms)Tj
T*(caused near panic in one county.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This situation got so far out of hand that in 1985 three Kansans filed a civil)Tj
T*(rights lawsuit against Kansas Attorney General Robert Stephen for "creating" the)Tj
T*(Posse Comitatus to further his political career. A suit brought on behalf of)Tj
T*(Freda Steele, James Steele and Harold Hollander, all 4 rural Kansas residents,)Tj
T*(charged that unnecessary police powers were utilized during a repossession)Tj
T*(action against Mr. Steele, which included "air support and a small army of)Tj
T*(Kansas Bureau of Investigation agents, Kansas Highway Patrol troopers, sheriff's)Tj
T*(deputies and local police personnel, all heavily armed as for combat, who)Tj
T*(descended on said farm like an invasion force.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Among the various problems in determining membership in groups is the fact that)Tj
T*(claims by the groups themselves can't be believed. Invariably, A they will)Tj
T*(exaggerate their own strength. Both Ku Klux Klan and anti-Klan groups routinely)Tj
T*(distort the KKK's numbers, influence and threat to the established order.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In 1984 a terrifying right-wing Halstead, KS, organization with the creative)Tj
T*(name of the "Farmer's Liberation Army" was finally determined to have one)Tj
T*(member, founder Keith Shive. Anti-racist groups took the organization very)Tj
T*(seriously and references to it appeared in the national press. Shive was)Tj
T*(absolutely delighted with the response. Similar cases involving allegedly)Tj
ET
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T*(controversial I984 "Hate Groups in America.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hate Groups in America)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In 1980 the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights contracted with the AntiDefamation)Tj
T*(League to produce a report on extreme right "hate groups" for a $20,000 fee. The)Tj
T*(ADL hardly needed the fee, but was thrilled at having the implied endorsement of)Tj
T*(a government agency for one of its reports. This did, not work out so well,)Tj
T*(however.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(After the report was published the commission rejected and declined to publish)Tj
T*(it on several grounds. A letter dated March 8, I982, from Paul Alexander, acting)Tj
T*(general counsel of the commission, to John Hope, III, acting staff director,)Tj
T*(gave the following reasons,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("I would like to raise several policy considerations. The ADL report does not in)Tj
T*(any way resemble a standard USCCR report. It is not a dispassionate attempt to)Tj
T*(present a balanced accounting of facts. The commission previously has had no)Tj
T*(difficulty in publishing reports containing defamatory information when it was)Tj
T*(verifiable and necessary to the report. .0ur Voting Rights Report is the most)Tj
T*(recent example. In that report, however, we did not find it necessary to mix)Tj
T*(epithets and emotionally-laden labels with the facts. The ADL report is rank)Tj
T*(with epithets and labels that only serve to distort the factual accountings of)Tj
T*(the activities of the KKK and similar organizations.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The liberal use of hyperbolic epithets throughout the ADL draft sets a tone)Tj
T*(that probably precludes correction through simple adjectival laundering. The)Tj
T*(alleged inaccuracies and misrepresentations noted by the respondents present)Tj
T*(very serious problems...If \(they\) are at all representative, the report probably)Tj
T*(contains many inaccuracies. It is doubtful that the report could survive the)Tj
T*(normal process of a source-check as their does not appear to be sufficient date)Tj
T*(to support the allegations.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Alexander further noted that the ADL report "bordered on jingoism."r Although)Tj
T*(the USCCR wisely declined to lend its name to the report, the ADL published it)Tj
T*(anyway, with epithets, emotionally laden labels, and jingoism" intact. Like all)Tj
T*(ADL publications on the people and groups that it hates, its tone is one that)Tj
T*(encourages contempt for the civil liberties of its subjects and treats them in a)Tj
T*(dehumanizing manner -- behaviors the ADL purports to oppose. The report has now)Tj
T*(appeared in several editions and is widely circulated to journalists and police)Tj
T*(departments.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hate Group Membership)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(If determining the extent of anti-Semitism, racism or hate crimes is)Tj
T*(problematic, consider determining the strength of anti-Semitic and racist)Tj
T*(groups. Some of the most wild speculation has been made in this area. At a time)Tj
T*(when the ADL estimated nationwide KKK membership at roughly 12,000, a St. Louis)Tj
T*(TV station claimed a fantastic 50,000 members in Missouri alone. In this)Tj
T*(instance the ADL's estimate is much closer to the truth, although it probably)Tj
T*(didn't take into account multiple memberships.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Many Klansmen join through the mail and rarely or never attend meetings Some)Tj
T*(belong to several Klans, and a few carry cards from virtually all of them. Thus,)Tj
T*(1,000 "members" may represent only eight or nine hundred actual Klansmen and)Tj
T*(even fewer are actual participants in Klan activities. Subtract from this police)Tj
T*(informants, agents for "monitoring" groups, curiosity seekers and literature)Tj
T*(collectors, and this figure diminishes even further. Also, in most racist groups)Tj
ET
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T*(investigative work on its enemies.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(An internal FBI memorandum dated August 12, 1965 from Assistant Director William)Tj
T*(Sullivan to R. W. Smith made reference to an ADL pamphlet on the Ku Klux Klan.)Tj
T*(Sullivan notes)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("It is stated on page 6 that a Klan plot to assassinate Martin Luther King early)Tj
T*(in 1965 'leaked out, and the FBI and other law enforcement authorities threw a)Tj
T*(heavy guard around him.' This is not true...)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...the pamphlet erroneously lists James Venable's National Knights of the Ku)Tj
T*(Klux Klan as the second most important group, having the support of 7,000 to)Tj
T*(9,000. Originally formed by Venable to bring a number of small Klans into one)Tj
T*(organization, the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan has A not realized its)Tj
T*(goal.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A year later FBI documents refer to another erroneous ADL report, this inflating)Tj
T*(the strength of the Ku Klux Klan, which the ADL claimed was at about 29,500!)Tj
T*(.The ADL also claimed in a September 1966 statement in the flew York Times that)Tj
T*(KKK membership had increased by 10,000 since the first of the year. According to)Tj
T*(an FBI memorandum)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("while the Klan has made organizational efforts in the North and Middle West,)Tj
T*(they have met with little success.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(There has been no indication that Klan membership has grown by 10,000 since the)Tj
T*(first of the year...The present Kla23 membership is between 14,000 and 15,000)Tj
T*(active members. Perhaps most significantly, however, the 1966 FBI memorandum)Tj
T*(contained the following, which is transparently evident to objective observers,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The Anti-Defamation League has vested interest in discovering and exposing)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic organizations such as the Klan and other hate groups.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Indeed, the ADL seems to need groups like the Ku Klux Klan and the various)Tj
T*(minuscule neo-Nazi organizations. when the last Klansman and the last neo-Nazi)Tj
T*(turn out the lights and lock the door, either the ADL cooks up an acceptable)Tj
T*(substitute or it goes the same way. Small wonder the ADL is accused of exaggeration. Absent a scarey-looking threat the ADL finds its reason for)Tj
T*(existence dramatically diminished. This peculiar symbiotic relationship between)Tj
T*(extremist groups and the counter-extremist groups that hate them is)Tj
T*(well-established.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Faced with problems like these, throughout the 1960s and most of the 1970's the)Tj
T*(FBI practiced a healthy skepticism about ADL information. It seemed clear that)Tj
T*(there was nothing the organization would like better than to have the premier)Tj
T*(federal law enforcement agency become their enforcement arm. It wasn't until)Tj
T*(Judge William Webster became FBI director in 1978 that the agency bowed to)Tj
T*(political pressures from the White House and elsewhere, and significantly)Tj
T*(stepped up its informal intelligence sharing operation with the ADL.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cooperation between the ADL and the FBI increased enormously under President)Tj
T*(Reagan in 1981, and became formal with the issuance of a 1985 "memo" requiring)Tj
T*(all FBI field offices to develop formal liaison with some thirty ADL Field)Tj
T*(offices around the nation. This memo remained secret until it was uncovered in)Tj
T*(1990 in a FOIA request to an FBI field office in Minnesota, where it was)Tj
T*(released to a journalist by mistake.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The memo, directed to the Special Agent in Charge \(SAC\)of twenty-four FBI field)Tj
T*(offices, accompanies two ADL publications to review and instructs each SAC to)Tj
T*("contact each ADL regional office to establish a liaison and line of)Tj
T*(communication..." One of the publications in question was the ADL's)Tj
ET
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T*(ample ammunition for both criminal prosecutions and private lawsuits. Such was)Tj
T*(the case in San Francisco.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The evidence that developed against the ADL was overwhelming. Not only did their)Tj
T*(paid agent take part in stealing police records, a felony, but there were)Tj
T*(numerous other infractions as well. There was active speculation that felony)Tj
T*(indictments against prominent ADL officials would be forthcoming. They were not.)Tj
T*(why not? Consider this:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Some close observers believe that political pressure will make it impossible to)Tj
T*(prosecute the respected Jewish organization. 'Mark my words, this is going to be)Tj
T*(obfuscated, obliterated...' said one veteran inspector. 'It's going to be a)Tj
T*(classic study in how things get covered up. You don't do Jewish people in San)Tj
T*(Francisco. It's not PC. Especially when you have two U. S. Senators who are)Tj
T*(Jewish \(Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein\) and the city's Chief of Protocol is)Tj
T*(Dick Goldman \(a prominent fundraiser in the Jewish community.\)")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The inspector was prophetic. The ADL and its spy, Roy Bullock, were dropped from)Tj
T*(the criminal investigation in April, leaving only Tom Gerard, against whom)Tj
T*(prosecution would be very difficult. In December, I993, the San Francisco)Tj
T*(District Attorney reached a settlement with the ADL. The ADL agreed to pay)Tj
T*($75,000 to "fight hate groups" and it surrendered documents on some 1,400 groups)Tj
T*(and individuals it had illegally obtained - a mere slap on the wrist.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Although the ADL is apparently off the hook in this case, the damage done to its)Tj
T*(carefully crafted reputation poses a major challenge to its staff of)Tj
T*(disinformation specialists and spin doctors. This was the organization's closest)Tj
T*(call yet. Quite possibly there will be more to come.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL and the FBI)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The history of the ADL's relationship with government agencies, including the)Tj
T*(Federal Bureau of Investigation, has yet to be written. However, in working)Tj
T*(through a large stack of FBI documents obtained under the Freedom of Information)Tj
T*(Act it becomes clear that the organization has labored hard and long to)Tj
T*(ingratiate itself to federal law enforcement authorities, ostensibly as)Tj
T*("experts" on their own enemies.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Until the Reagan administration the FBI kept the ADL at arm's length, although)Tj
T*(they readily accepted ADL information in the same manner that they do from a)Tj
T*(wide range of informants. Under J. Edgar Hoover, the bureau was particularly)Tj
T*(reluctant to get into any kind of cooperating arrangement with the ADL.. Hoover,)Tj
T*(for example, repeatedly declined offers to address ADL banquets, realizing that)Tj
T*(his presence would be a propaganda coup for an organization he didn't entirely)Tj
T*(trust.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In a 4 January 1966 letter to Dore Schary, ADL national chairman, Hoover)Tj
T*(declined attendance at an ADL dinner for Supreme Court Justice Arthur J.)Tj
T*(Goldberg. A note is appended which reads:)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("NOTE: Mr. Schary is a Hollywood producer who is well known to the Bureau. He)Tj
T*(has never been investigated but Bureau files reflect that he has been a member)Tj
T*(or sponsor of, contributed to or was in other ways affiliated with a number of)Tj
T*(organizations cited as CP [Communist Party] front groups or which have been)Tj
T*(designated as subversive pursuant to E0 [Executive Order] 10450.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The reason for distrust - aside from the extremist background of certain ADL)Tj
T*(leaders - was the sheer opportunism evident in ADL tactics to compromise the)Tj
T*(independence of the bureau, and also in the shoddy quality of some ADL)Tj
ET
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T*(disinformation efforts manage to either kept it swept under the rug or framed in)Tj
T*(terms of "black anti-Semitism.".)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Some of the best coverage of the ADL scandal appeared in the san Francisco)Tj
T*(Examiner, where reporters Dennis Opatrny and Scott Winocur covered the story)Tj
T*(almost daily from it's inception. Detailed overviews appeared in April and May)Tj
T*(1993, respectively by George Cothran and Peter Hegarty in the ASF Weekly, a San)Tj
T*(Francisco tabloid, and by Robert J. Friedman in the Newt York weekly, The)Tj
T*(Village voice. Cothran and Hegarty had this to say)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Examples abound of the ADL's brazen invasion into the lives of people who)Tj
T*(happen to disagree with its political, views. In 1983, the group disseminated a)Tj
T*("blacklist" to A Jewish campus leaders around the country that smeared scores of)Tj
T*(respected academics and Middle East peace activists as 'pro-Arab sympathizers)Tj
T*(and propagandists who use their antiI I Zionism4as merely a guise for their)Tj
T*(deeply felt anti-Semitism.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL responded to the adverse publicity with an intense media disinformation)Tj
T*(campaign, claiming that it did nothing wrong in "sharing information on)Tj
T*(violence-prone groups with law enforcement officials," and that it "will not)Tj
T*(countenance violations of the law on the part of anyone connected with the)Tj
T*(agency." This was met with healthy skepticism by virtually all concerned. Robert)Tj
T*(J. Friedman had this to say in the Village Voice,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("That's what the ADL says for public consumption. But morale is so low that its)Tj
T*(employees complain of sleepless nights and crying fits. And even as other Jewish)Tj
T*(groups circle the wagons around the ADL in a show of solidarity, many do so)Tj
T*(holding their noses. More than a few Jewish officials privately say that the ADL)Tj
T*(has to decide whether it is a human rights group or a secret police agency.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(When ADL National Director Abraham Foxman went on a damage control mission to)Tj
T*(West Coast news media offices and Jewish organizations he attacked critics of)Tj
T*(the ADL in characteristic fashion, calling them "anti-Semitic, undemocratic, and)Tj
T*(anti-American bastards.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL also enjoyed the same relationship it had with American police)Tj
T*(intelligence officials with Israel's spy agencies, the super-secret Mossad and)Tj
T*(the Shin Bet. The ADL may also have played a role in the Jonathan Pollard case)Tj
T*(as well. Pollard, an American Jew, was charged in 1987 with stealing thousands)Tj
T*(of pages of U.S. military secrets and transmitting them to Israel. According to)Tj
T*(Friedman)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Pollard's handler was Avi Stella, an Israeli air force colonel whose wife)Tj
T*(worked for the New York ADL as a lawyer. Pollard later wrote to friends that a)Tj
T*(prominent ADg8leader was deeply involved in the Israeli spy operation.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Part of the ADL's legal strategy in the various lawsuits filed against it over)Tj
T*(the years is to claim "journalistic privilege." The ADL claims to be a "news and)Tj
T*(information gathering" organization," and as such it is entitled to protection)Tj
T*(under the shield laws used to protect the working press from having to reveal)Tj
T*(their news sources.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In no sense of the word is the ADL on a par with the New York Times or Time)Tj
T*(Magazine, nor is it even vaguely related to the working press. Its publications)Tj
T*(are designed to support the ideological prerogatives of the organization and its)Tj
T*(constituency, and not to provide "news." In addition, its publishing activities)Tj
T*(are only a small part of it's overall program, most of which is public relations)Tj
T*(and fundraising, along with developing and maintaining its extensive enemies)Tj
T*(files. Yet, time after time judges have bought this argument, and the ADL has)Tj
T*(avoided potentially damaging discovery proceedings that would have provided)Tj
ET
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T*(KKK Murdered at Least 20 Blacks, I960-I991 Black Gangs Murdered at least 1,300)Tj
T*(blacks, 1991 alone If you're in a gang, you're not a brother, you're a traitor)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The black community went ballistic. A public screening was disrupted by)Tj
T*(protestors, who called it racist. Operation Executive Director Janette Wilson)Tj
T*(said that the ad "misstates the problem.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Anti-Defamation League)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Anti-Defamation League projects a public image of a human rights)Tj
T*(organization, with a particular interest in the welfare of Jews and opposition)Tj
T*(to whatever it considers as anti-Semitism. Established in Chicago in 1913 as a)Tj
T*(subdivision of B'nai B'rith, a Jewish fraternal order, the organization has)Tj
T*(grown by leaps and bounds. Today, the tax-exempt organization maintains 31)Tj
T*(offices nationwide and has a budget of $34 million, and over four hundred)Tj
T*(employees including an extensive legal staff.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Over the decades the ADL established a reputation within and without the Jewish)Tj
T*(community as a major supporter of civil rights for Jews and other minorities, a)Tj
T*(staunch opponent of bigotry in all forms, a fearless watchdog over racist and)Tj
T*(anti-Semitic groups and a major educational resource on human rights issues.)Tj
T*(Little known was its far less scrupulous espionage, disinformation and)Tj
T*(destabilization operations, not only against neo-Nazis and Ku Klux Klansmen, but)Tj
T*(against leftist and progressive groups as well.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL's charade came to a halt in January, 1993. A rapidly developing)Tj
T*(investigation by the San Francisco Police Department into the activities of)Tj
T*(police intelligence officer Tom Gerard produced evidence of extensive network of)Tj
T*(illegal ADL penetration into confidential police files in San Francisco and)Tj
T*(elsewhere.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The investigation quickly focused on Roy Bullock, a paid ADL operative and)Tj
T*(well-known figure in the gay community who had possession of an extensive ADL)Tj
T*("enemies list" of some ten thousand individuals and 1,000 organizations.)Tj
T*(Bullock, who had worked for the ADL for fully 35 years and who was regarded as)Tj
T*(their "top spy," had an illegal intelligence sharing" relationship with Gerard,)Tj
T*(who regularly stole information from police files for transmittal to the ADL and)Tj
T*(in some cases to Israeli agencies through Bullock. 0ther information developed)Tj
T*(that there were Bullock and Gerard "clones" positioned in or close to police)Tj
T*(departments throughout the country.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What was striking about the "enemies list," was that most of the individuals and)Tj
T*(organizations listed were of the leftist, progressive persuasion. Given the)Tj
T*(scarcity of bona fide racist and neo-Nazi organizations, it is not surprising)Tj
T*(that few of them would be listed. Also not surprising is that many Arab human)Tj
T*(rights organizations listed were. What was shocking was the range of left)Tj
T*(groups, which included many organizations included among the ADL's allies.)Tj
T*(Groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Conference of)Tj
T*(Black Lawyers, the Black United Fund, the Center for Investigative Reporting,)Tj
T*(the Asian Law Caucus, and the San Francisco Anti-Apartheid Committee were on the)Tj
T*(list. Predictably, this produced a howl of protest from a sector of the American)Tj
T*(political spectrum that might have been expected to condone the ADL's harassment)Tj
T*(of the far right.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Why leftist groups, particularly human rights groups? For the simple reason that)Tj
T*(the ADL fears nothing more than that the American civil rights establishment)Tj
T*(will adopt the Palestinian cause, which in certain respects resembles the plight)Tj
T*(of American blacks. Some of the tension existing between Black organizations and)Tj
T*(the Jewish community centers around this controversy, although ADL)Tj
ET
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T*(sticking together more than other Americans was "a quality that could regarded)Tj
T*(as ambiguous, if not positive, by non-Jews and Jews alike." Other questions,)Tj
T*(such as the one implying Jewish leadership ability, are equally troublesome.)Tj
T*(.This could easily be taken as a compliment. By injecting these two ambiguous)Tj
T*(questions in the survey the ADL survey seriously fudged the results. A more)Tj
T*(interesting result might have been obtained if the same questions were posed to)Tj
T*(an equal number of Jews.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Another critical account of the ADL survey was penned by Richard Cohen in the)Tj
T*(Washington Post Magazine. He observed)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("You may even want to publicly agree with one of the statements with which the)Tj
T*(surveyors caught anti-Semites in the process of thinking anti-Semitically: 'Jews)Tj
T*(pretty much run the movie and television industries.' I would have said yes to)Tj
T*(that myself.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Cohen adds that he could cite several books to back up this position, and that)Tj
T*(Hollywood has been dominated by Jews so completely and their influence in the)Tj
T*(entertainment business is so vast that to name them would take up the remainder)Tj
T*(of his column. In short, to agree to this statement is simply not evidence of)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(However Cohen admonishes that)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...non-Jews know better than to comment about what is before their very eyes.)Tj
T*(Should they answer forthrightly, they might well be denounced for)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(A very good point. In fact, in the ADL survey, they were. What many critics have)Tj
T*(pointed out as a perverse and manipulative double standard in perceptions of)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism is clearly evident.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Hate Crime In Perspective)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL statistics have their problems, and similar compilations of)Tj
T*("hate-motivated" incidents compiled by other interested parties, such as the)Tj
T*(NAACP and Klanwatch are also flawed. Perhaps the most glaring flaw in these)Tj
T*(statistics is the practice of counting unsolved incidents. Doubtless, numerous)Tj
T*(hoaxes are included among them.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Other crime statistics help to put these figures in perspective. For example,)Tj
T*(570 individuals -- mostly young minority males -- died in violent, often)Tj
T*(interracial, gang warfare in Los Angeles in the twelve months of 1989. In)Tj
T*(addition there were 3,819 gang-related reported assaults with deadly weapons, 93)Tj
T*(rapes and 1,851 robberies. The perpetrators of this year of carnage, which)Tj
T*(certainly surpasses the death toll from racist and anti-Semitic "hate crimes" in)Tj
T*(20th century America, have also been mostly young minority males, primarily)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(skinheads.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The issue of black gang violence was graphically illustrated by a thirty second)Tj
T*(TV commercial commissioned by the Evanston, Illinois, Human Relations Commission)Tj
T*(in 1992. The commercial began with a shot of a Ku Klux Klansman on the left and)Tj
T*(a black gang member on the right, arms crossed and looking defiant. The)Tj
T*(announcer states, "if they were giving medals for killing black people, the)Tj
T*(neo-Nazi would win a bronze medal, the KKK member a silver and the street gang)Tj
T*(member the gold." At this point the following data appears on the screen under)Tj
T*(the Klansman and the gang member,)Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(Ms. Cohen quotes a source which she identifies as a "senior staffer" at a)Tj
T*(mainstream Jewish organization,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("By focusing on small and dramatic expressions of antiSemitism which don't mean)Tj
T*(much, they're sending an alarmist message which is, at bottom, irresponsible.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL's obsession with minuscule American hate groups has been noticed abroad)Tj
T*(as well. In October 1991 the Jerusalem Post editorialized)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Disappointingly, the Anti-Defamation League, which used to take firm positions)Tj
T*(on Israel and devote much effort to its causes, now wastes energy on such)Tj
T*(marginal phenomena as neo-Nazi skinheads, devotes inordinate time to aggrandizing)Tj
T*(its executive director, and goes out of the way to ingratiate itself with the U.)Tj
T*(S. administration and the media.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In a perceptive analysis of the hate crime controversy appearing in Reason)Tj
T*(magazine, associate editor Jacob Sullum observed that serious problems exist in)Tj
T*(ADL statistics.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("...a single random event can skew the numbers, falsely suggesting an alarming)Tj
T*(nationwide rise. For example, the ADL counted twice as many anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(assaults in 1991 as it did in 1990.- But all but a handful of the additional at-)Tj
T*(A tacks were associated with unrest in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, following a car)Tj
T*(accident in which a Hasidic Jew killed a black boy. If that incident hadn't)Tj
T*(happened the number of assaults would have been roughly the same.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Sullum also observes that the statistics constructed by the ADL fail to provide)Tj
T*(necessary perspective.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("In 1990, the same year the ADL counted 30 anti-Semitic assaults, the Federal)Tj
T*(Bureau of Investigation counted nearly I million arrests for assault nationwide.)Tj
T*(Jews represent about 2.4 percent of the population, and let's assume that they)Tj
T*(suffer a proportionate number of assaults. That means that for every assault)Tj
T*(motivated by anti-Semitism, Jews experience roughly QQQ assaults for other)Tj
T*(reasons \(assuming that every assault led to an arrest\)." 3)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Faced with growing criticism of its statistics from within the Jewish community)Tj
T*(and without, the ADL commissioned another study to support its agenda.)Tj
T*(Amazingly, the May 1992 ADL study reported that "One in five adult Americans)Tj
T*(holds strong prejudicial attitudes against Jews, and anti-Semitism is most)Tj
T*(prevalent among blacks and the elderly, according to a survey released Monday.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Overall, 20 percent of Americans in the survey fell into the 'most anti-Semitic')Tj
T*(category. Thirty-seven percent of blacks were in the category, compared with 17)Tj
T*(percent of whites." 4)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The study used a series of eleven questions to gauge anti-Semitism. Included)Tj
T*(among these were)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Jews stick together more than other Americans \(51% agreed\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Jews always like to be at the head of things \(39% agreed\).)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The other questions related to Jewish loyalty to Israel, Jewish business)Tj
T*(practices, and Jewish power in America, etc. .In order to be entirely free of)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism, a respondent could not agree with more than one of the eleven)Tj
T*(questions. Agreeing with more than six put one in the "hard core of haters" who)Tj
T*(are "unquestionably" anti-Semitic.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Debra Nussbaum Cohen observed in Jewish Week that the survey question about Jews)Tj
ET
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T*(Anti-Defamation League and the Simon Weisenthal Center were at loggerheads over)Tj
T*(the issue.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL reported a 15 percent decline in anti-Semitic incidents in 1982 from the)Tj
T*(previous year, and out of 829 incidents, only 197 involved vandalism at Jewish)Tj
T*(synagogues, temples and community centers. The Wiesenthal Center, on the other)Tj
T*(hand, claimed a total of over a thousand vandalism cases, asserting, for)Tj
T*(instance, that in the last three years 57 percent of the synagogues in New York)Tj
T*(had been vandalized. These are not trivial differences.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In 1988, J. J. Goldberg, writing in Jewish Week, observed)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("a majority of the Jewish community's professional experts insist there is no)Tj
T*(detectable jump either in the rate of anti-Semitic acts or in the level of)Tj
T*(anti4Jewish feeling among the American population at large.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Goldberg's article quotes sociologist Steven M. Cohen, who believes that an)Tj
T*(increase in reporting anti-Semitic incidents fuels the claim that they are)Tj
T*(increasing. Cohen says,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Jews are more sensitive to anti-Semitism than they've been in the past. So one)Tj
T*(of the reasons we may be seeing a rise in reports of anti-Semitism is that local)Tj
T*(people see incidents as anti-Semitic more readily. And secondly, the national)Tj
T*(media give it more prominence than in the past... You have to conclude that to)Tj
T*(some degree, Jews construct antiSemitism.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Five years later, writing in The New Republic, Goldberg said that the very)Tj
T*(definition of "anti-Semitism" had been changed by some Jewish groups in order to)Tj
T*(support their agenda.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("Before World War II, anti-Semitism was defined as wanting to harm Jews.i In the)Tj
T*(post-war era, it was broadened to include prejudice that might lead one to wish)Tj
T*(Jews harm. More recently, it's come to mean any stereotype - or disagreement -)Tj
T*(with the Jewish community. The very term has become a weapon.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Goldberg commented on the hyping of anti-Semitism by Jewish organizations,)Tj
T*(noting that people give money when motivated by fear,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("In private, some Jewish agency staffers insist the alarmist tone set by a few)Tj
T*(national Jewish agencies, mainly for fundraising purposes, is a key cause of)Tj
T*(Jewish anxiety. Fingers point most often at the ADL and the Los Angeles-based)Tj
T*(Simon Wiesenthal Center, both of which specialize in mass mailings warning of)Tj
T*(impending doom and urging donations." A critique of alarmist tactics was)Tj
T*(circulated by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency in 1993. Debra Nussbaum Cohen, a)Tj
T*(prominent Jewish journalist, noted)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The reality, experts say, is that Jews no longer face serious discrimination in)Tj
T*(American society -- not in the community, the workplace, politics or academia.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(But American Jews are convinced more than ever that antiSemitism remains a)Tj
T*(serious threat, although few have encountered any real bias themselves.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This dilemma, Ms. Cohen, avers, is occasioned by the very organizations that)Tj
T*(promote awareness of anti-Semitism and solicit funds to combat it. With apparent)Tj
T*(reference to the ADL audits, she says,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The very lumping together of graffiti and epithets with occasional acts of)Tj
T*(violence in order to emphasize an upward trend in anti-Semitism may obscure the)Tj
T*(issue and raise undue alarm.")Tj
T*()Tj
ET
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T*(ADL reported only 30 such cases in 1990 and 60 in 1991.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(No disrespect is intended, and I'm sure such incidents were distressing to those)Tj
T*(who experienced them, but these figures do not support the claim of a serious)Tj
T*(and significant trend toward anti-Semitism in a nation of more than a quarter)Tj
T*(billion people.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The vast majority of these incidents are on the order of simple graffiti, minor)Tj
T*(vandalism, verbal altercations or telephone harassment. Most remain unsolved in)Tj
T*(that no perpetrator was ever identified, let alone prosecuted. Where the)Tj
T*(perpetrator is identified, most of these offenses are committed by juveniles)Tj
T*(under 18. Many of the unsolved cases may be hoaxes. 1 A single hoaxer with a can)Tj
T*(of spray paint or a pocket full of quarters can significantly inflate)Tj
T*(statistics.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL compiled these statistics through a nationwide network of regional)Tj
T*(offices, local "monitors," clipping services, and reports from police agencies.)Tj
T*(In addition, the ADL actually solicited reports of anti-Semitic incidents by)Tj
T*(circulating questionnaires to its own mailing list - hardly a disinterested)Tj
T*(group. This practice raises serious doubts about statistics c0mpited by an)Tj
T*(interested organization eager to promote its own agenda. g According to Leonard)Tj
T*(Larson, syndicated columnist for Scripps Howard News Service, the ADL's)Tj
T*(statistics may be questioned on other grounds as well. Larson notes that among)Tj
T*(the anti-Semitic incidents listed in an annual audit is a case where individuals)Tj
T*(in Boston displayed "pro-Palestinian/ antiIsrael graffiti" in the subways-)Tj
T*(Larson adds that the ADL considered these and other incidents anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(because they recount brutal acts of repression against Palestinians by the)Tj
T*(Israeli government. "An obvious intent here is to use intimidation to silence)Tj
T*(criticism of Israel's political and military conduct," Larson says.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Anti-Semitism: On The Rise?)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Of course, there is disagreement whether anti-Semitism is on the rise i or in)Tj
T*(decline. In November, 1991, the ADL held a two-day conference in Montreal which)Tj
T*(produced a consensus that "Anti-Semitism, both in North America and abroad is on)Tj
T*(the rise, and Jews have to stop keeping quiet about it.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(According to ADL executive director Abraham Foxman "..we have reason to be)Tj
T*(concerned and frightened by what seems to be a rising tide of anti-Semitism here)Tj
T*(and around the world....The virus has become more active. The restraints and)Tj
T*(taboos have disappeared.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In January 1992, however, another Jewish organization released its report,)Tj
T*(based on detailed survey data, that racial and religious tolerance is increasing)Tj
T*(and anti-Semitism is declining The American Jewish Committee report cited data,)Tj
T*(for example, which showed that in 1968, 59 percent of Gallup poll respondents)Tj
T*(expressed approval of marriage between Jews and non-Jews, whine in 1983, 77)Tj
T*(percent approved. According to media reports,)Tj
T*()Tj
T*("The study found that anti-Jewish attitudes are at historic lows...Jews were)Tj
T*(even perceived in the 1990 general Social Survey as leading whites in general,)Tj
T*(Southern whites, Asians Americans, Hispanic-Americans and blacks in terms of who)Tj
T*(was regarded as harder working, richer, less prone to violence, more)Tj
T*(self-supporting and more intelligent.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The American Jewish Committee said that "the report should come at a relief to)Tj
T*(American Jews who fear a possible increase in anti-Semitism." This was not the)Tj
T*(first time in recent years serious differences over the prevalence of)Tj
T*(anti-Semitism have emerged among Jewish organizations. In 1983 the)Tj
ET
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T*()Tj
T*(Hate crime hoax clipping collage.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What Is Political Extremism?, by Laird Wilcox)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Chapter 1)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The Scope of the Problem)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In January 1994 the Anti-Defamation League, an organization devoted to defending)Tj
T*(the interests of Jews, reported that anti-Semitic acts against people and)Tj
T*(property rose 8 percent in the United States during 1993. The ADL also reported)Tj
T*(1,867 incidents involving threats, harassment, assaults, vandalism, graffiti and)Tj
T*(other behaviors \(one incident per 139,000 Americans\). These included one arson,)Tj
T*(one attempted arson, one bombing and one attempted bombing.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL annual audit claimed 788 acts of vandalism \(one per 330,000 Americans or)Tj
T*(stight1y over 2 per day in a country of 260,000,000\) down 8 percent from the)Tj
T*(previous year. 0f those, 325 involved graffiti on bridges, buildings and signs,)Tj
T*(i.e., expressions of values, opinions and beliefs on private property.)Tj
T*(Nationwide, according to the ADL, in 1993 there were only sixty arrests for any)Tj
T*(of this activity, revealing that the vast majority of the incidents were)Tj
T*(unsolved and no identified culprit was apprehended. Vandalism is almost always a)Tj
T*(criminal offense and could be prosecuted if there were anyone to prosecute. The)Tj
T*(ADL, of course, lobbies hard for prosecution when the perpetrators are)Tj
T*(identified.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(On the other hand, the ADL's 1992 annual audit of anti-Semitic incidents)Tj
T*(reported an 8 percent decline from 1991. Thus, the 1993 increase only served to)Tj
T*(bring the number of incidents back to its 1991 level. A total of 1,730 incidents)Tj
T*(were reported in 1992, including 28 serious cases such as arson, attempted)Tj
T*(arson, cemetery desecration and synagogue bombings. Forty+four percent of the)Tj
T*(incidents took place in public areas, such as public schools or office)Tj
T*(buildings.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(B'nai B'rith, Canada's League for Human Rights, the Canadian equivalent of the)Tj
T*(ADL, also reported a decline in anti-Semitic incidents in its 1992 audit. A)Tj
T*(total of 196 incidents occurred nationwide in 1992 \(one per 196,000 Canadians\),)Tj
T*(down 22 percent from 1991. Half of the incidents occurred in Toronto, which has)Tj
T*(the largest Jewish population in Canada.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL audit, as always, included many incidents that are not crimes, only)Tj
T*(personal insults, such as one person telling another off and making reference to)Tj
T*(their ethnic identity in the process. ADL National Chairman, Melvin Salberg,)Tj
T*(said that he found this "very disturbing and of great concern. This 'in your)Tj
T*(face' anti-Semitism may signal a new tendency to engage in direct confrontations)Tj
T*(with Jews and further erodes the taboo against open bigotry.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The audit also includes incidents where mailings are identified on the basis of)Tj
T*(their alleged anti-Semitic content, public expressions of identification with)Tj
T*(Arab radicals in Israel's occupied territories, distribution of holocaust)Tj
T*(revisionist material on the campus, and other activities protected under the)Tj
T*(First Amendment.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(The ADL reported 1,879 anti-Semitic incidents in 1991.5 This was up from 1,685)Tj
T*(incidents recorded by the ADL in 1990, and 1,432 in 1989. Bona fide anti-Semitic)Tj
T*(physical violence against Jews is extraordinarily rare in the United States. The)Tj
ET
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T*(information. While I believe that these are generally reliable, one has to be)Tj
T*(realistic and concede that they are hardly infallible. I have footnoted as many)Tj
T*(sources as I could find. It is up to the readers to judge their reliability.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Finally, this publication is a continuing project. It is anticipated that future)Tj
T*(editions will appear. I would like to recruit you to help overcome the)Tj
T*(disadvantage I have in compiling information on hoaxes. If you see newspaper)Tj
T*(coverage or other information about a hoax in your community, please send it to)Tj
T*(me.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Laird Wilcox)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Editorial Research Service)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(P0 Box 2047)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Olathe, KS 66061)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Phone/FAX: 1-913-829-0609)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(July 1994)Tj
T*()Tj
T*()Tj
T*(I N D E X)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(One: The Scope of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Two: Hate Crimes Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Three: The Prevalence of Hoaxes & Fabrications . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Four: On The Campus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Five: B1acks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Six: Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Seven: Other Minorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Eight: False Charges of Racism & Anti-Semitism . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Nine: Whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Ten: International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Traits That Suggest Commission of a Hoax . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Appendix)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Letter from J. Edgar Hoover to Dore Schary of the ADL.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(FBI Memorandum concerning ADL claims of KKK membership.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(U. S. Civil Rights Commission correspondence about the ADL.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Newspaper clipping collage on the ADL San Francisco case.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Flyer distributed in University of Kansas hoax, January 1992)Tj
ET
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T*(individuals for whom the noble end justifies the questionable means. The)Tj
T*(militant, moralizing fanatic -- g quick to compromise important principles in)Tj
T*(order to enjoy the flush of righteousness -- is the stumbling block which any)Tj
T*(reasonable resolution of racial/ethnic problems must overcome.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Further, in my experience, this uncompromising behavior is often a way of)Tj
T*(compensating for a hidden inner ambivalence. The social psychologist Harold D.)Tj
T*(Lasswell has written that "dogma is a defensive reaction in the mind of the)Tj
T*(theorist, but doubt of which he is unaware.")Tj
T*()Tj
T*(This unconscious ambivalence appears to explain the willingness of many)Tj
T*(so-called "anti-racists" to justify and practice a kind of reverse racism or)Tj
T*("counter-bigotry." This manifests itself in the "good" discrimination of)Tj
T*(affirmative action and race-preferential policies, as well as in rationalizing)Tj
T*(prejudicial and stereotyping statements about white people.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Twenty years ago one couldn't have said this, but today discrimination in)Tj
T*(schools, housing, jobs and government is minimal. Institutional racism is)Tj
T*(virtually gone. In its place, a series of preferential policies are firmly)Tj
T*(established.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(In recent years "anti-racists" have proclaimed that virtually every behavior and)Tj
T*(institution in our society is covertly racist. Anti-racism has become a small)Tj
T*(industry in the United States. Entire career fields are built around defining)Tj
T*(and combatting "racism" in one form or another. As individual problems are)Tj
T*(solved and offensive behaviors disappear, the definition of racism is broadened)Tj
T*(again and again to include more and more behaviors, hence we have the problem of)Tj
T*("increasing" bigotry and intolerance. I suspect the last thing many professional)Tj
T*(anti-racists want is a truly race-neutral society. They have developed a vested)Tj
T*(interest in the continuation of the problem, a kind of "co-dependency")Tj
T*(relationship, if you will.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(It's no great surprise that a bright, socially-conscious individual would)Tj
T*(realize quite on his or her own that there's nothing like some racist graffiti)Tj
T*(or some other "hate crime" to invigorate the militants, and what the hell, it's)Tj
T*(for a good cause - right? Americans are not known for their ability to defer)Tj
T*(gratification for long. Hence, the racist or anti-Semitic hoax. It's as easy as)Tj
T*(apple pie.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Consider a college campus boiling with racial and gender sensitivity, with)Tj
T*(courses in victimization, organizations for victims, a constant barrage of)Tj
T*(victimization propaganda -- but no immediate and palpable victims. "Anti-racist")Tj
T*(vigilantes with no racists \(or misogynists and homophobes\) to hang had better)Tj
T*(get busy and make some, and as we see, they often do.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(What I see happening with hoaxes is a kind of "market" process: the frequency of)Tj
T*(hoaxes increases with their utility in accomplishing desired ends. When the)Tj
T*("market" or payoff for victimization goes up, the temptation to create)Tj
T*(victimization where none exists is very strong and the temptation of exaggerate)Tj
T*(minor cases of alleged victimization is even stronger.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Conversely, as the number of hoaxes increases \(assuming they are reported\) a)Tj
T*(greater skepticism toward unproven and marginal victimization claims will)Tj
T*(probably increase as well, and hoaxes will become less effective. It's pretty)Tj
T*(much a matter of supply and demand.)Tj
T*()Tj
T*(Concerning the text, it's important to realize that in some cases there may have)Tj
T*(been further developments in some of the incidents I have covered. If a)Tj
T*(particular case is important to you, I advise that you attempt to determine its)Tj
T*(current status. Also, for the most part I relied on journalistic accounts for my)Tj
ET
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